Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound nanoparticles, which act as shuttles, delivering a range of biomolecules to diverse target cells. They play an important role in maintenance of biophysiological homeostasis and cellular, physiological, and pathological processes. EVs have significant diagnostic and therapeutic potentials and have been studied both in vitro and in vivo in many fields. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with many therapeutic applications and have also gained much attention as prolific producers of EVs. MSC-derived EVs are being explored as a therapeutic alternative to MSCs since they may have similar therapeutic effects but are cell-free. They have applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and, most importantly, confer several advantages over cells such as lower immunogenicity, capacity to cross biological barriers, and less safety concerns. In this review, we introduce the biogenesis of EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles. We then turn more specifically to investigations of MSC-derived EVs. We highlight the great therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs and applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

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间充质干细胞衍生的细胞外囊泡及其治疗潜力。

细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞衍生的膜结合纳米颗粒，可充当穿梭物，将多种生物分子传递给各种靶细胞。它们在维持生物生理稳态以及细胞，生理和病理过程中起重要作用。电动车具有重大的诊断和治疗潜力，并且已在体外和体内进行了研究在许多领域。间充质干细胞（MSCs）是具有许多治疗应用的多能细胞，并且作为EV的生产者也引起了很多关注。由于MSC可能具有相似的治疗效果但无细胞，因此人们正在探索将MSC衍生的EV作为MSC的治疗替代方法。它们在再生医学和组织工程中具有应用，最重要的是，它们具有比细胞更高的优势，例如较低的免疫原性，穿越生物屏障的能力以及较少的安全隐患。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了电动汽车的生物发生，包括外泌体和微泡。然后，我们将更具体地转向MSC衍生电动汽车的研究。我们着重介绍了MSC衍生电动车的巨大治疗潜力及其在再生医学和组织工程中的应用。