The direct and indirect control methods are commonly used for maximum power point tracker (MPPT) of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Due to the absence of the literature that assess their performance in a comprehensive way, this work attempts to analyze the effectiveness of both control methods for the perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm. The MATLAB/Simulink simulation is verified experimentally using a PV array simulator and the dSPACE DS1104 DSP board driving a buck‐boost converter. The results show that the indirect method exhibits lower steady‐state oscillation and is less sensitive to rapid irradiance change and load variations. It increases the steady‐state efficiency by 1.6%. Furthermore, under irradiance and load step changes, the transient efficiency increases by 29% and 30%, respectively. Based on these findings, it is envisaged that the indirect method is more suitable to be used as the controller in conjunction with the MPPT algorithm.

中文翻译：

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使用直接和间接控制方法评估最大功率点跟踪器性能

直接和间接控制方法通常用于光伏（PV）系统的最大功率点跟踪器（MPPT）。由于缺乏全面评估其性能的文献，这项工作试图分析两种控制方法对扰动和观察（P＆O）MPPT算法的有效性。使用PV阵列仿真器和驱动降压-升压转换器的dSPACE DS1104 DSP板，通过实验验证了MATLAB / Simulink仿真。结果表明，间接法表现出较低的稳态振荡，并且对快速辐照度变化和负载变化不敏感。它将稳态效率提高了1.6％。此外，在辐照度和负载阶跃变化的情况下，瞬态效率分别提高了29％和30％。根据这些发现，