Between-individual variation in behavioural phenotype, termed personality, is an important determinant of how populations cope with acute environmental fluctuation related to climate change. Personality in the beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina is linked to genetically distinct morphotypes, which are associated with different heights on the shore. In the intertidal zone, high-shore environments experience more environmental fluctuation due to longer periods of exposure, and animals adapted to live in these environments are predicted to deal more effectively with environmental perturbation than their low-shore counterparts. We collected beadlet anemones of two different morphotypes from three different shore heights. We investigated variation in two behaviours at three different temperatures and in a temporal control treatment where the temperature was not changed: startle response time, the time it took an anemone to re-extend its tentacles after a threatening stimulus, and immersion response time, the time to re-extend tentacles after simulated tidal immersion. These behaviours reflect risk-taking and allow individuals to be categorized as bold, shy or intermediate based upon response times. Both behaviours showed significant changes as the temperature increased. For immersion response, the morphotype associated with the low-shore-lengthened response times at high temperatures. For startle response, all animals lengthened their response times at high temperatures but animals collected from the low-shore lengthened theirs to the greatest degree. At the individual level, although control individuals exhibited temporal changes in their response times, a clear effect of temperature was present in both behaviours. Shy and bold individuals became more intermediate at higher temperatures in immersion response (this effect was present to a lesser degree in control individuals), while intermediate individuals raised their response times at higher temperatures for startle response. Given that prolonged tentacle retraction reduces foraging opportunities and can negatively impact respiratory efficiency, our data suggest that some individuals within a single population of A. equina, particularly those associated with the lower shore, may exhibit less effective behavioural responses to temperature shifts than others. These findings demonstrate that acute temperature changes influence risk-taking, and could have profound short and long-term implications for survival in the face of climate change.

中文翻译：

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个性、形态类型和海岸高度对珠状海葵 Actinia equina 温度介导的行为反应的影响

行为表型的个体间变异，称为个性，是人口如何应对与气候变化相关的急性环境波动的重要决定因素。珠状海葵 Actinia equina 的个性与遗传上不同的形态类型有关，这些形态类型与岸上的不同高度有关。在潮间带，由于暴露时间较长，高岸环境会经历更多的环境波动，预计适应在这些环境中生活的动物将比低岸动物更有效地应对环境扰动。我们从三个不同的海岸高度收集了两种不同形态的珠状海葵。我们研究了三种不同温度下两种行为的变化以及温度不变的时间控制处理：惊吓反应时间，海葵在受到威胁刺激后重新伸展触须的时间，以及浸入反应时间，模拟潮汐浸泡后重新伸展触手的时间。这些行为反映了冒险行为，并允许根据响应时间将个人分类为大胆、害羞或中等。随着温度的升高，这两种行为都显示出显着的变化。对于浸入响应，形态型与高温下的低岸延长响应时间相关。对于惊吓反应，所有动物在高温下都会延长它们的反应时间，但从低岸收集的动物最长程度地延长了它们的反应时间。在个体层面，尽管对照个体的反应时间出现了时间变化，但两种行为都存在明显的温度影响。害羞和大胆的个体在浸入反应的较高温度下变得更加中间（这种效应在对照个体中出现的程度较小），而中间个体在较高温度下提高了他们对惊吓反应的反应时间。鉴于长时间的触手缩回减少了觅食机会，并且会对呼吸效率产生负面影响，我们的数据表明，马甲单个种群中的一些个体，尤其是与下岸相关的个体，对温度变化的行为反应可能不如其他个体。这些发现表明，剧烈的温度变化会影响冒险行为，