NETosis is a type of regulated cell death dependent on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), where net-like structures of decondensed chromatin and proteases are produced by polymorphonuclear (PMN) granulocytes. These structures immobilise pathogens and restrict them with antimicrobial molecules, thus preventing their spread. Whilst NETs possess a fundamental anti-microbial function within the innate immune system under physiological circumstances, increasing evidence also indicates that NETosis occurs in the pathogenic process of other disease type, including but not limited to atherosclerosis, airway inflammation, Alzheimer’s and stroke. Here, we reviewed the role of NETosis in the development of organ injury, including injury to the brain, lung, heart, kidney, musculoskeletal system, gut and reproductive system, whilst therapeutic agents in blocking injuries induced by NETosis in its primitive stages were also discussed. This review provides novel insights into the involvement of NETosis in different organ injuries, and whilst potential therapeutic measures targeting NETosis remain a largely unexplored area, these warrant further investigation.

NETosis 是一种受调节的细胞死亡，依赖于中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NET) 的形成，其中去浓缩的染色质和蛋白酶的网状结构由多形核 (PMN) 粒细胞产生。这些结构固定病原体并用抗菌分子限制它们，从而防止它们的传播。虽然 NET 在生理环境下在先天免疫系统内具有基本的抗微生物功能，但越来越多的证据也表明 NETosis 发生在其他疾病类型的发病过程中，包括但不限于动脉粥样硬化、气道炎症、阿尔茨海默氏症和中风。在这里，我们回顾了 NETosis 在器官损伤发展中的作用，包括对大脑、肺、心脏、肾脏、肌肉骨骼系统、肠道和生殖系统的损伤，同时还讨论了阻断NETosis在其原始阶段引起的损伤的治疗剂。这篇综述提供了关于 NETosis 参与不同器官损伤的新见解，虽然针对 NETosis 的潜在治疗措施仍然是一个很大程度上未探索的领域，但这些值得进一步研究。