This study aimed to explore the effects of artemisinin (ART) on the milk microbiome and metabolites of dairy cow. A total of 12 mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, days in milk were randomly divided into 2 groups receiving either a total mixed ration (TMR) as the control group or this TMR and 120 g/d/head ART as the ART group. The milk samples were collected weekly to determine the contents, and end-of-trial (week 8) milk samples were used to identify microbial species and metabolite profiles by 16S rRNA sequencing and LC–MS analyses, respectively. We observed that the milk fat content significantly increased by ART treatment (P < 0.05). The bacterial community richness was significantly lower in the ART group (P < 0.05), while the diversity showed no difference (P > 0.05). Compared with its abundance in the control (CON) group, Firmicutes was significantly decreased, whereas Proteobacteria was significantly increased. Furthermore, in the ART group, the relative abundances of the genera Aerococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium_1 and Facklamia were significantly lower (P < 0.01). Metabolomics analysis revealed that ART significantly increasing the concentrations of glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids and flavonoids compared with those in the CON group. An enrichment analysis of the different metabolites showed that ART mainly affected glycerophospholipid metabolism and the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways. These findings revealed that ART supplementation could affect the milk microbiota and metabolites, that glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids could be potential biomarkers in the milk response to ART feed in dairy cows, and that ART changes substances in milk by maintaining lipid metabolism in the mammary gland.

中文翻译：

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奶牛中补充青蒿素后牛奶中的微生物组和代谢变化。

这项研究旨在探讨青蒿素（ART）对奶牛的牛奶微生物组和代谢产物的影响。将总共​​12头泌乳期相同的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为两组，分别接受总混合日粮（TMR）作为对照组或该TMR，接受120 g / d /头ART作为ART组。每周收集一次牛奶样品以确定含量，并分别通过16S rRNA测序和LC-MS分析，将试验结束（第8周）的牛奶样品用于鉴定微生物种类和代谢产物概况。我们观察到，ART治疗显着增加了乳脂含量（P  <0.05）。ART组的细菌群落丰富度明显较低（P <0.05），而多样性没有差异（P  <0.05）。P  > 0.05）。与对照组（CON）组相比，其Firmicutes明显减少，而Proteobacteria则明显增加。此外，在ART组中，Aerococcus属，Staphylococcuscus属，Corynebacterium_1和Facklamia属的相对丰度明显较低（P <0.01）。代谢组学分析显示，与CON组相比，ART显着增加了甘油磷脂，甘油脂和类黄酮的浓度。对不同代谢产物的富集分析表明，ART主要影响甘油磷脂的代谢以及泛酸和CoA的生物合成途径。这些发现表明，补充ART可能会影响牛奶中的微生物和代谢产物，甘油磷脂和甘油脂可能是牛奶对奶牛ART饲料反应的潜在生物标志物，并且ART通过维持乳腺脂质代谢来改变牛奶中的物质。