With the exaggerated growth of solid tumor, the depletion of O₂ in interior cells far exceeds their blood supply, leading to low levels of O₂ in tumor microenvironment (Hypoxia). Low concentration of O₂ often cause many problems in tumor cells, including poor prognosis, increased metastasis and pro-survival changes in gene expression. Thus, developing new imaging strategy for living cells under hypoxic conditions is strongly desirable. In this review, we discuss recent progress in hypoxia-responsive fluorescent nanoprobes for imaging and cancer therapy. First, we describe two basic elements of fluorescent nanoprobes, including recognition moiety and nanomaterial-based carrier. Then, recent progress in fluorescent nanoprobes for imaging under hypoxic conditions is summarized. Finally, we outline development of hypoxia-responsive fluorescent nanoprobes for simultaneous imaging and cancer treatment. We aim to provide a comprehensive summary of application for distinguishing tumor hypoxic status, diagnosing disease and developing hypoxia-responsive anticancer nanodrugs.

随着实体瘤的过度生长，内部细胞中O ₂的消耗远远超过其血液供应，导致肿瘤微环境（低氧）中O _2的水平降低。O ₂浓度低通常会导致肿瘤细胞出现许多问题，包括预后不良，转移增加和基因表达的生存前改变。因此，迫切需要为低氧条件下的活细胞开发新的成像策略。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了低氧反应性荧光纳米探针在成像和癌症治疗中的最新进展。首先，我们描述了荧光纳米探针的两个基本元素，包括识别部分和基于纳米材料的载体。然后，总结了在缺氧条件下成像的荧光纳米探针的最新进展。最后，我们概述了用于同时成像和癌症治疗的缺氧反应性荧光纳米探针的开发。我们旨在提供用于区分肿瘤低氧状态的综合应用摘要，