Maternal health status is vital for the development of the offspring of humans, including physiological health and psychological functions. The complex and diverse microbial ecosystem residing within humans contributes critically to these intergenerational impacts. Perinatal factors, including maternal nutrition, antibiotic use and maternal stress, alter the maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy, which can be transmitted to the offspring. In addition, gestational age at birth and mode of delivery are indicated frequently to modulate the acquisition and development of gut microbiota in early life. The early-life gut microbiota engages in a range of host biological processes, particularly immunity, cognitive neurodevelopment and metabolism. The perturbed early-life gut microbiota increases the risk for disease in early and later life, highlighting the importance of understanding relationships of perinatal factors with early-life microbial composition and functions. In this review, we present an overview of the crucial perinatal factors and summarise updated knowledge of early-life microbiota, as well as how the perinatal factors shape gut microbiota in short and long terms. We further discuss the clinical consequences of perturbations of early-life gut microbiota and potential therapeutic interventions with probiotics/live biotherapeutics.

中文翻译：

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良好的人生开端是重要的围产期因素，这些因素决定了菌群的早期发育和长期成熟。

孕产妇的健康状况对于人类后代的发展至关重要，包括生理健康和心理功能。人类内部复杂而多样的微生物生态系统对这些代际影响至关重要。围产期因素，包括孕产妇营养，抗生素使用和孕产妇应激，会改变孕期孕产妇肠道菌群，并可能传播给后代。另外，经常指出出生时的胎龄和分娩方式来调节生命早期肠道菌群的获取和发育。早期的肠道菌群参与了一系列宿主生物过程，特别是免疫力，认知神经发育和新陈代谢。早期生活中肠道菌群的紊乱会增加早期和晚期疾病的风险，强调了了解围产期因素与早期生命的微生物组成和功能之间关系的重要性。在这篇综述中，我们对关键的围产期因素进行了概述，并总结了早期生命菌群的最新知识，以及围产期因素如何短期和长期影响肠道菌群。我们进一步讨论了早期肠道菌群扰动的临床后果以及益生菌/活生物治疗剂的潜在治疗干预。