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Groundwater Doctrine and Water Withdrawals in the United States
Water Resources Management ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-22 , DOI: 10.1007/s11269-020-02642-0
Sadia A. Jame , Laura C. Bowling

Groundwater is a valuable natural resource which is directly related to food production, human and ecosystem health. In the US, 48% of irrigated agriculture relies on groundwater, but there is no systematic national program responsible for groundwater management. For this paper, each US state was classified based on its most prevalent groundwater doctrine: Absolute Ownership, Prior Appropriation, Reasonable Use, and Correlative Rights. The Köppen climate zone of each state, USGS runoff data and USGS county-level water use data from 1985 to 2015 were used to analyze how groundwater use varies with climate and groundwater doctrine. Semi-arid states, which all follow Prior Appropriation doctrine, have the highest average irrigation rate, while states following Reasonable Use doctrine have the lowest average rate, but the largest variability. Analysis of Covariance shows that in Prior Appropriation states, irrigation volume and area do not increase during warm, dry periods but in Absolute Ownership states irrigation volume does increase. Water use trend analysis shows that irrigated area and groundwater withdrawals have increased over the last 30 years in humid and temperate regions, while irrigated area has decreased in semi-arid regions. At the same time, irrigation rate and the fraction of irrigation coming from groundwater has increased everywhere, suggesting a potential shift in the preferred water source for irrigation. This data analysis will provide insights for future work on how water policy should respond to water scarcity in US.



中文翻译:

美国的地下水学说和取水

地下水是一种宝贵的自然资源,与粮食生产,人类和生态系统健康直接相关。在美国,有48%的灌溉农业依赖地下水,但是没有负责地下水管理的系统性国家计划。在本文中,美国各州根据其最普遍的地下水学说进行了分类:绝对所有权,事先拨款,合理使用和相关权利。使用每个州的柯本气候带,USGS径流数据和1985年至2015年的USGS县级用水量数据来分析地下水用量如何随气候和地下水学说而变化。均遵循优先拨款原则的半干旱州的平均灌溉率最高,而遵循合理使用原则的州的平均灌溉率最低,但变异性最大。协方差分析表明,在优先拨款状态下,在温暖干燥的时期,灌溉量和面积没有增加,但在绝对所有权状态下,灌溉量却有所增加。用水趋势分析表明,在过去的30年中,湿润和温带地区的灌溉面积和地下水抽取量有所增加,而半干旱地区的灌溉面积却有所减少。同时,各地的灌溉速率和灌溉比例在各地都有所增加,这表明首选灌溉水源可能发生了变化。该数据分析将为水政策应如何应对美国的水资源短缺提供进一步的见解。干旱时期,但在绝对所有权状态下,灌溉量确实增加了。用水趋势分析表明,在过去的30年中,湿润和温带地区的灌溉面积和地下水抽取量有所增加,而半干旱地区的灌溉面积却有所减少。同时,各地的灌溉速率和灌溉比例在各地都有所增加,这表明首选灌溉水源可能发生了变化。该数据分析将为水政策应如何应对美国的水资源短缺提供进一步的见解。干旱时期,但在绝对所有权状态下,灌溉量确实增加了。用水趋势分析表明,在过去的30年中,湿润和温带地区的灌溉面积和地下水抽取量有所增加,而半干旱地区的灌溉面积却有所减少。同时,各地的灌溉速率和灌溉比例在各地都有所增加,这表明首选灌溉水源可能发生了变化。该数据分析将为水政策应如何应对美国的水资源短缺提供进一步的见解。灌溉速度和来自地下水的灌溉比例在各地都有所增加,这表明首选灌溉水源可能发生了变化。该数据分析将为水政策应如何应对美国的水资源短缺提供进一步的见解。灌溉速度和来自地下水的灌溉比例在各地都有所增加,这表明首选灌溉水源可能发生了变化。该数据分析将为水政策应如何应对美国的水资源短缺提供进一步的见解。

更新日期:2020-08-22
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