Effective conservation management of highly mobile species depends upon detailed knowledge of movements of individuals across their range; yet, data are rarely available at appropriate spatiotemporal scales. Flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) are large bats that forage by night on floral resources and rest by day in arboreal roosts that may contain colonies of many thousands of individuals. They are the largest mammals capable of powered flight, and are highly mobile, which makes them key seed and pollen dispersers in forest ecosystems. However, their mobility also facilitates transmission of zoonotic diseases and brings them in conflict with humans, and so they require a precarious balancing of conservation and management concerns throughout their Old World range. Here, we analyze the Australia-wide movements of 201 satellite-tracked individuals, providing unprecedented detail on the inter-roost movements of three flying-fox species: Pteropus alecto, P. poliocephalus, and P. scapulatus across jurisdictions over up to 5 years. Individuals were estimated to travel long distances annually among a network of 755 roosts (P. alecto, 1427–1887 km; P. poliocephalus, 2268–2564 km; and P. scapulatus, 3782–6073 km), but with little uniformity among their directions of travel. This indicates that flying-fox populations are composed of extremely mobile individuals that move nomadically and at species-specific rates. Individuals of all three species exhibited very low fidelity to roosts locally, resulting in very high estimated daily colony turnover rates (P. alecto, 11.9 ± 1.3%; P. poliocephalus, 17.5 ± 1.3%; and P. scapulatus, 36.4 ± 6.5%). This indicates that flying-fox roosts form nodes in a vast continental network of highly dynamic “staging posts” through which extremely mobile individuals travel far and wide across their species ranges. The extreme inter-roost mobility reported here demonstrates the extent of the ecological linkages that nomadic flying-foxes provide across Australia’s contemporary fragmented landscape, with profound implications for the ecosystem services and zoonotic dynamics of flying-fox populations. In addition, the extreme mobility means that impacts from local management actions can readily reverberate across jurisdictions throughout the species ranges; therefore, local management actions need to be assessed with reference to actions elsewhere and hence require national coordination. These findings underscore the need for sound understanding of animal movement dynamics to support evidence-based, transboundary conservation and management policy, tailored to the unique movement ecologies of species.

中文翻译：

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世界上最大的飞行哺乳动物的极端机动性给管理和保护提出了严峻的挑战。

对高迁移物种的有效保护管理取决于对个体在其范围内运动的详细了解；然而，在适当的时空尺度上很少有数据可用。狐蝠（Pteropus spp。）是大型蝙蝠，夜间在花卉资源上觅食，并在树栖栖所中白天休息，栖所可能包含成千上万的人。它们是能够飞行的最大的哺乳动物，并且具有高度的机动性，这使其成为森林生态系统中的关键种子和花粉分散剂。但是，它们的流动性也促进了人畜共患疾病的传播，并使它们与人类发生冲突，因此，它们需要在整个旧世界范围内对保护和管理方面的问题进行权衡。在这里，我们分析了201位卫星跟踪的个人在澳大利亚范围内的活动，在长达5年的时间里，提供了三种飞狐物种的栖居间运动的空前细节，其中包括：翼龙蕨，小头对虾和肩cap对虾。据估计，个体每年在755个栖息地的网络中长途旅行（阿勒克多电14，1427-1887公里；脊灰。，2268-2564公里；肩cap斑,， 3782-6073公里），但是它们之间的统一性很小。旅行方向。这表明飞狐种群是由流动性极强的个体组成，这些个体以特定物种的速度游牧。所有这三个物种的个体对本地栖息地的保真度都很低，导致估计的每日菌落更新率非常高（P. alecto，11.9±1.3％； P。poliocephalus，17.5±1.3％； S。scapulatus，36.4±6.5％ ）。这表明飞狐栖息地形成了一个由高度动态的“分期站”组成的广阔大陆网络中的节点，极具流动性的个体通过它们在整个物种范围内旅行。这里报道的极端栖居间流动证明了游牧的飞狐在澳大利亚当代支离破碎的景观中所提供的生态联系的程度，这对飞狐种群的生态系统服务和人畜共患的动态具有深远的影响。此外，极高的流动性意味着当地管理行动的影响很容易在整个物种范围内的管辖范围内回荡。因此，需要参照其他地方的行动对地方管理行动进行评估，因此需要国家协调。