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A Critical Exploration of the Efficiency Impacts of Demand Response From HVAC in Commercial Buildings
Proceedings of the IEEE ( IF 20.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2020.3006804
Jason S. MacDonald , Evangelos Vrettos , Duncan S. Callaway

Increasing quantities of renewable energy generation has yielded a need for greater energy storage capacity in power systems. Thermal storage in variable air volume (VAV) heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in commercial buildings has been identified as an inexpensive source of grid storage, but the true costs are not known. Recent literature explores the inefficiency associated with providing grid services from these HVAC-based demand response (DR) resources by employing a battery analogy to calculate round-trip efficiency (RTE). Results vary significantly across studies and in some cases reported efficiencies are strikingly low. This article has three objectives to address these prior results. First, we synthesize and expand on insights into existing literature by systematically exploring the potential causes for the discrepancies in results. We reinforce previous work indicating baseline modeling may drive differences across studies and deduce that control accuracy plays a role in the major differences between experiments and simulation. Second, we discuss why the RTE metric is problematic for DR applications, discuss another proposed metric, additional energy consumption (AEC), and propose an extension, which we call uninstructed energy consumption (UEC), to evaluate DR performance. Finally, we explore the merits of different metrics using experimental data and highlight UEC’s reduced sensitivity to the characteristics of the DR signal than previously proposed metrics.

中文翻译:

商业建筑暖通空调需求响应对效率影响的批判性探索

越来越多的可再生能源发电产生了对电力系统更大能量存储容量的需求。商业建筑中可变风量 (VAV) 供暖、通风和空调 (HVAC) 中的热存储已被确定为一种廉价的电网存储来源,但其真实成本尚不清楚。最近的文献通过使用电池类比来计算往返效率 (RTE),探讨了与从这些基于 HVAC 的需求响应 (DR) 资源提供电网服务相关的低效率。不同研究的结果差异很大,在某些情况下,报告的效率非常低。本文有三个目标来解决这些先前的结果。第一的,我们通过系统地探索结果差异的潜在原因,综合并扩展对现有文献的见解。我们加强了先前的工作,表明基线建模可能会导致研究之间的差异,并推断控制精度在实验和模拟之间的主要差异中发挥作用。其次,我们讨论了为什么 RTE 指标对 DR 应用程序有问题,讨论了另一个建议的指标,额外的能耗 (AEC),并提出了一个扩展,我们称之为无指令能耗 (UEC),以评估 DR 性能。最后,我们使用实验数据探索不同指标的优点,并强调 UEC 对 DR 信号特征的敏感性比以前提出的指标低。我们加强了先前的工作,表明基线建模可能会导致研究之间的差异,并推断控制精度在实验和模拟之间的主要差异中发挥作用。其次,我们讨论了为什么 RTE 指标对 DR 应用程序有问题,讨论了另一个建议的指标,额外的能耗 (AEC),并提出了一个扩展,我们称之为无指令能耗 (UEC),以评估 DR 性能。最后,我们使用实验数据探索不同指标的优点,并强调 UEC 对 DR 信号特征的敏感性比以前提出的指标低。我们加强了先前的工作,表明基线建模可能会导致研究之间的差异,并推断控制精度在实验和模拟之间的主要差异中发挥作用。其次,我们讨论了为什么 RTE 指标对 DR 应用程序有问题,讨论了另一个建议的指标,额外的能耗 (AEC),并提出了一个扩展,我们称之为无指令能耗 (UEC),以评估 DR 性能。最后,我们使用实验数据探索不同指标的优点,并强调 UEC 对 DR 信号特征的敏感性比以前提出的指标低。讨论另一个建议的指标,额外的能源消耗 (AEC),并提出一个扩展,我们称之为无指令能源消耗 (UEC),以评估 DR 性能。最后,我们使用实验数据探索不同指标的优点,并强调 UEC 对 DR 信号特征的敏感性比以前提出的指标低。讨论另一个建议的指标,额外的能源消耗 (AEC),并提出一个扩展,我们称之为无指令能源消耗 (UEC),以评估 DR 性能。最后,我们使用实验数据探索不同指标的优点,并强调 UEC 对 DR 信号特征的敏感性比以前提出的指标低。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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