Air conditioners (ACs) are an important resource for demand-response (DR) services in electricity networks and have motivated much research activity in recent years. Existing approaches to model and control aggregate AC demand largely focus on ensembles of fixed-speed (on/off) compressor technology. However, AC markets are dominated by variable-speed compressor technology, which is rapidly becoming widespread. This paper presents a mean-field, first-principle modelling formalism for the analysis and control of aggregate demand of heterogeneously distributed ensembles of variable-output compressor ACs (VOCACs). This formalism posits that the model structure of an individual VOCAC fitted with the mean values of the VOCAC parameters distributed in the ensemble can accurately represent the aggregate DR of the ensemble, in complete contrast with models for fixed-speed AC ensembles. The proposition is numerically validated in two prevalent DR applications of model predictive control (MPC): shaving peak demand and firming photovoltaic generation capacity. The proposed representative model is embedded in the MPC designs to predict the aggregate demand of a heterogeneously distributed ensemble of 1,000 VOCACs by centralised manipulation of temperature setpoints. The model is extended to enable DR by constraining power consumption, which is illustrated in an MPC implementation of the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS-4755 DR modes.

中文翻译：

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需求响应的变速空调负荷集合的建模和控制

空调（AC）是电网中需求响应（DR）服务的重要资源，并且近年来引起了很多研究活动。现有的建模和控制总交流需求的方法主要集中在固定速度（开/关）压缩机技术的集成上。但是，交流市场被变速压缩机技术所主导，变速压缩机技术正在迅速普及。本文提出了一种均值第一原理建模形式，用于分析和控制可变输出压缩机AC（VOCAC）的异构分布集合的总需求。这种形式主义认为，单个VOCAC的模型结构与合奏中分布的VOCAC参数的平均值相符，可以准确地表示合奏的总DR，与定速交流集成模型完全相反。该命题在模型预测控制（MPC）的两种流行的DR应用中得到了数值验证：削峰需求和确定光伏发电能力。拟议的代表性模型嵌入到MPC设计中，以通过集中控制温度设定点来预测1,000个VOCAC的异构分布集合的总需求。该模型经过扩展以通过限制功耗实现DR，这在澳大利亚/新西兰标准AS / NZS-4755 DR模式的MPC实施中得到了说明。拟议的代表性模型嵌入到MPC设计中，以通过集中控制温度设定点来预测1000个VOCAC的异构分布集合的总需求。该模型经过扩展以通过限制功耗实现DR，这在澳大利亚/新西兰标准AS / NZS-4755 DR模式的MPC实施中得到了说明。拟议的代表性模型嵌入到MPC设计中，以通过集中控制温度设定点来预测1,000个VOCAC的异构分布集合的总需求。该模型经过扩展以通过限制功耗实现DR，这在澳大利亚/新西兰标准AS / NZS-4755 DR模式的MPC实施中得到了说明。