Bimetallic Mo–W carbides supported on biochar were synthesized and used in the catalytic hydrotreatment of canola oil at 250 °C to produce diesel-range hydrocarbons. The effects of carburization temperature and metal content on the nature of active sites were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and CO and H₂ chemisorption. Varying temperature over the range of 550–700 °C did not have any effect on the formation of the Mo₂C phase in the bimetallic carbide. As for the tungsten component in the mixed carbide, formation of the WC phase at a high temperature of 700 °C was dominant and increased the density of hydrogen activating sites, whereas at lower temperatures (≤600 °C), W₂C and metallic W phases were formed and showed more CO adsorption sites. Increasing metal loading enhanced the particle size resulting in a lower density of catalytically active sites. The addition of W into the molybdenum carbide system strongly increased the catalytic performance with >95% conversion and >76% hydrocarbon yield over all mixed metal carbides at a mild temperature of 250 °C. These values were both higher than those obtained using Mo₂C/C and Ru/Al₂O₃ (48 and 35% hydrocarbon yield, respectively) under identical conditions. All carbide catalysts favor hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) products over decarboxylation/decarbonylation (DCO) products; however, W addition into mixed metal carbides increases the DCO selectivity in comparison with Mo₂C/C due to higher ratios of H₂/CO adsorption sites. The bimetallic carbides still retained a high catalyst activity after regeneration.

中文翻译：

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在生物炭负载的双金属碳化物上对植物油进行加氢脱氧，以在温和条件下生产可再生柴油

合成了负载在生物炭上的双金属Mo-W碳化物，并将其用于菜籽油在250°C的催化加氢处理中，以生产柴油范围的碳氢化合物。通过X射线衍射（XRD），N ₂物理吸附，X射线光电子能谱（XPS）以及CO和H _2的化学吸附研究了渗碳温度和金属含量对活性位点性质的影响。在550–700°C范围内变化的温度对双金属碳化物中Mo ₂ C相的形成没有任何影响。至于混合碳化物中的钨成分，在700°C的高温下WC相的形成占主导地位，并增加了氢活化位点的密度，而在较低的温度（≤600°C）下，W ₂C和金属W相形成并显示出更多的CO吸附位点。金属负载的增加增加了粒径，导致较低的催化活性位点密度。在250°C的温和温度下，将W添加到碳化钼体系中，与所有混合金属碳化物相比，转化率> 95％，烃收率> 76％，大大提高了催化性能。这些值均高于在相同条件下使用Mo ₂ C / C和Ru / Al ₂ O _{3获得的值}（分别为48和35％的烃产率）。所有的碳化物催化剂都喜欢加氢脱氧（HDO）产物，而不是脱羧/脱羰基（DCO）产物。然而，与Mo ₂相比，向混合金属碳化物中添加W会增加DCO选择性C / C是由于H ₂ / CO吸附位点的比例较高。再生后，双金属碳化物仍保持高催化剂活性。