Simple coacervation of surfactants constitutes a powerful bottom-up strategy for the production of tailored supramolecular solvents (SUPRASs), which feature outstanding properties in extraction processes. In this study, we develop for the first time SUPRASs made up from biosurfactants (produced by microorganisms) as a greener alternative to synthetic surfactants. Rhamnolipds (RLs) were selected for this purpose due to their green properties and their high potential for industrial applicability. BioSUPRASs were spontaneously produced at room temperature from aqueous solutions of rhamnolipids (RLs) by salt-induced coacervation (NaCl, Na₂SO₄ or NH₄CH₃CO₂). RLs quantitatively incorporated into the bioSUPRAS phase, so that the process had high atom economy. The boundaries for the coacervation region were delimited as a function of RL and salt concentration and equations were derived to predict the volume of bioSUPRAS from the composition of the synthesis mixture. The composition of bioSUPRASs could be tailored by modifying the concentration of the coacervation-inducing salt. BioSUPRAS aggregates were characterized by dynamic light scattering and cryo-scanning electron microscopy and consisted of vesicles in a size range from nm to μm. These aggregates offer a variety of interactions for solute solubilisation (dispersion, ionic, dipole–dipole and hydrogen bonding), different polarity microenvironments (RL head group, RL hydrocarbon chains, vesicle aqueous cavity) and a huge number of binding sites (RL concentration varied from 205 to 444 g L⁻¹). The potential of bioSUPRASs for efficient extraction was illustrated by the recovery of highly polar ionic dyes from water with yields above 94%. The compliance of RL-based bioSUPRASs with the twelve principles of green chemistry is discussed.

中文翻译：

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由自组装鼠李糖脂组成的超分子生物溶剂：合成与表征

表面活性剂的简单凝聚构成了定制的超分子溶剂（SUPRASs）生产的强大的自下而上策略，该超分子溶剂在萃取过程中具有出色的性能。在这项研究中，我们首次开发了由生物表面活性剂（由微生物产生）制成的SUPRAS，作为合成表面活性剂的绿色替代品。选择鼠李糖（RLs）的原因是它们的绿色特性和极高的工业应用潜力。在室温下，鼠李糖脂（RLs）水溶液通过盐诱导的凝聚作用（NaCl，Na ₂ SO ₄或NH ₄ CH ₃ CO ₂）自发产生BioSUPRASs。）。RLs定量地掺入到bioSUPRAS相中，因此该过程具有较高的原子经济性。根据RL和盐浓度确定凝聚区的边界，并推导了方程，以根据合成混合物的组成预测bioSUPRAS的体积。可以通过改变凝聚诱导盐的浓度来调整bioSUPRAS的组成。BioSUPRAS聚集体通过动态光散射和低温扫描电子显微镜进行表征，由大小从nm到μm的囊泡组成。这些聚集体为溶质的溶解（分散，离子，偶极-偶极和氢键），不同极性的微环境（RL头基，RL烃链，^-1）。从水中回收高极性离子染料，收率超过94％，说明了bioSUPRAS有效提取的潜力。讨论了基于RL的bioSUPRAS与绿色化学的十二个原理的符合性。