Abstract Recently, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) become one of the most promising friendly renewable energy sources. Therefore, developing a mathematical model for the PEMFC is an urgent necessity for simulation and evaluation of the processes occurring inside the fuel cell (FC) stack. In this paper, a precis model, which can stimulate the electrical and electrochemical phenomenon of the PEMFC is introduced. Improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) is proposed to enhance the performance of the conventional SSA and avoid getting stuck on local optimum. The proposed ISSA has been utilized for identifying the unknown parameter values of PEMFC stack models. The proposed ISSA is validated on four different FC stacks and a comparison between the computed and measured results has been accomplished. The Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) between experimental and estimated voltages is adopted as the objective function which has to be minimized. For validating the goodness of the ISSA, the generated values of the unknown parameters and the value of SSE using the ISSA-based PEMFC model are compared with the corresponding ones obtained by other optimization techniques. Furthermore, statistical analysis of proposed ISSA compared with the conventional SSA is carried out for all the PEMFC stacks involved in this work. The simulation results under various conditions of operation and the statistical results proved the stability and reliability of ISSA in comparison with recently utilized algorithms.

中文翻译：

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基于改进的salp swarm算法的质子交换膜燃料电池参数识别

摘要 近年来，质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFCs）成为最有前途的友好可再生能源之一。因此，开发 PEMFC 的数学模型是模拟和评估燃料电池 (FC) 堆内部发生的过程的迫切需要。本文介绍了一个精确的模型，它可以模拟 PEMFC 的电学和电化学现象。提出了改进的 Salp swarm 算法 (ISSA) 以提高传统 SSA 的性能并避免陷入局部最优。提议的 ISSA 已用于识别 PEMFC 堆栈模型的未知参数值。提议的 ISSA 在四种不同的燃料电池堆上得到了验证，并且已经完成了计算结果和测量结果之间的比较。采用实验电压和估计电压之间的平方误差总和 (SSE) 作为必须最小化的目标函数。为了验证 ISSA 的优劣，将使用基于 ISSA 的 PEMFC 模型生成的未知参数值和 SSE 值与通过其他优化技术获得的相应值进行比较。此外，针对这项工作中涉及的所有 PEMFC 堆栈，对提议的 ISSA 与传统 SSA 进行了统计分析。各种操作条件下的仿真结果和统计结果证明了ISSA与最近使用的算法相比的稳定性和可靠性。将使用基于 ISSA 的 PEMFC 模型的未知参数的生成值和 SSE 值与通过其他优化技术获得的相应值进行比较。此外，针对这项工作中涉及的所有 PEMFC 堆栈，对提议的 ISSA 与传统 SSA 进行了统计分析。各种运行条件下的仿真结果和统计结果证明了ISSA与最近使用的算法相比的稳定性和可靠性。将使用基于 ISSA 的 PEMFC 模型的未知参数的生成值和 SSE 值与通过其他优化技术获得的相应值进行比较。此外，针对这项工作中涉及的所有 PEMFC 堆栈，对提议的 ISSA 与传统 SSA 进行了统计分析。各种操作条件下的仿真结果和统计结果证明了ISSA与最近使用的算法相比的稳定性和可靠性。