Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins, found in various foodstuffs and in animal feed, and may cause adverse effects on animal and human health. Previous biomonitoring data indicate a frequent co-exposure of Bangladeshi adults to these mycotoxins. However, since such data are not yet available for young children, a vulnerable part of the population, we conducted this study to assess their exposure to OTA and CIT and compare it with that of adults in Bangladesh. In total, 154 urine samples were collected from infants and children in Rajshahi (n = 88) and Dhaka (n = 66) district of Bangladesh. OTA, CIT, and their metabolites were analyzed by a sensitive HPLC–FLD or LC–MS/MS method, respectively. Overall, OTA and CIT biomarkers were detectable in 72.7% and 54.9% of urines, respectively. The mean OTA and OTα levels in urines were higher in children (0.13 ng/mL and 0.28 ng/mL, respectively) than in infants (0.08 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively). Regarding region, the mean level of OTA was higher in samples from Rajshahi district (0.13 ng/mL) than from Dhaka district (0.09 ng/mL), while the mean OTα level was 2-fold higher in the Dhaka. The total CIT biomarker concentration was significantly higher in children (2.16 ng/mL) than in infant (0.70 ng/mL) urines (p < 0.05), and the mean concentration of HO-CIT was about 6-fold higher than that of parent compound CIT. A provisional daily intake for CIT was calculated and exceeded a preliminary value set by EFSA (0.2 μg/kg bw) in 23.3% and 11.9% of children and infants, respectively. OTA and CIT biomarker concentrations in the young children cohorts are higher than those found in Bangladeshi adults in summer, but lower than in winter season. The new results indicate frequent co-exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins that varies between the cohorts and regions in Bangladesh.

ch曲霉毒素A（OTA）和citrinin（CIT）是肾毒性霉菌毒素，存在于各种食品和动物饲料中，可能对动物和人类健康造成不利影响。先前的生物监测数据表明孟加拉国成年人经常与这些霉菌毒素共同接触。但是，由于尚无法为人口中最弱势的幼儿提供此类数据，因此我们进行了这项研究，以评估他们在OTA和CIT中的暴露水平，并将其与孟加拉国的成年人进行比较。在拉杰沙希（n  = 88）和达卡（n）的婴儿和儿童中总共收集了154个尿液样本 = 66）孟加拉国区。OTA，CIT及其代谢物分别通过灵敏的HPLC-FLD或LC-MS / MS方法进行分析。总体而言，分别在72.7％和54.9％的尿液中可检测到OTA和CIT生物标志物。儿童尿中的OTA和OTα平均水平高于婴儿（分别为0.08 ng / mL和0.05 ng / mL）（分别为0.13 ng / mL和0.28 ng / mL）。在区域方面，拉杰沙希地区的样品中OTA的平均水平（0.13 ng / mL）比达卡地区的样品（0.09 ng / mL）高，而达卡的OTα平均水平高2倍。儿童（2.16 ng / mL）的总CIT生物标志物浓度显着高于婴儿（0.70 ng / mL）的尿液（p <0.05），HO-CIT的平均浓度比母体化合物CIT的平均浓度高约6倍。计算出CIT的每日临时摄入量，分别超过23.3％和11.9％的儿童和婴儿的EFSA设定的初始值（0.2μg/ kg bw）。幼儿队列中的OTA和CIT生物标志物浓度在夏季高于孟加拉国成年人，但低于冬季。新的结果表明，经常共暴露于肾毒性霉菌毒素，这在孟加拉国的人群和地区之间有所不同。