Previous research has shown an association between cognitive control deficits and problematic behavior such as antisocial behavior and substance use, but little is known about the predictive value of cognitive control for treatment outcome. The current study tests whether selected markers of baseline cognitive control predict (1) treatment completion of a day treatment program involving a combination of approaches for multiproblem young adults and (2) daytime activities a year after the start of treatment, over and above psychological, social, and criminal characteristics. We assessed individual, neurobiological, and neurobehavioral measures, including functional brain activity during an inhibition task and two electroencephalographic measures of error processing in 127 male multiproblem young adults (age 18–27 years). We performed two hierarchical regression models to test the predictive power of cognitive control for treatment completion and daytime activities at follow-up. The overall models did not significantly predict treatment completion or daytime activities at follow-up. However, activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during response inhibition, years of regular alcohol use, internalizing problems, and ethnicity were all significant individual predictors of daytime activity at follow-up. In conclusion, cognitive control could not predict treatment completion or daytime activities a year after the start of treatment over and above individual characteristics. However, results indicate a direct association between brain activity during response inhibition and participation in daytime activities, such as work or school, after treatment. As adequate baseline inhibitory control is associated with a positive outcome at follow-up, this suggests interventions targeting cognitive control might result in better outcomes at follow-up.

先前的研究表明认知控制缺陷与问题行为（如反社会行为和物质使用）之间存在关联，但人们对认知控制对治疗结果的预测价值知之甚少。目前的研究测试了选定的基线认知控制标记是否能预测 (1) 日间治疗计划的治疗完成，该计划涉及针对多问题年轻成人的多种方法的组合，以及 (2) 治疗开始一年后的白天活动，超出心理，社会和犯罪特征。我们评估了个体、神经生物学和神经行为测量，包括抑制任务期间的功能性大脑活动和 127 名男性多问题青年（18-27 岁）的错误处理的两种脑电图测量。我们执行了两个层次回归模型来测试认知控制对治疗完成和后续日间活动的预测能力。整体模型没有显着预测后续治疗的完成或日间活动。然而，反应抑制期间前扣带回皮层 (ACC) 的活动、经常饮酒多年、内化问题和种族都是后续日间活动的重要个体预测因子。总之，除了个体特征之外，认知控制无法预测治疗开始后一年的治疗完成或白天活动。然而，结果表明反应抑制期间的大脑活动与治疗后参与白天活动（例如工作或上学）之间存在直接关联。