Nanotechnology has been extensively studied and exploited for cancer treatment as nanoparticles can play a significant role as a drug delivery system. Compared to conventional drugs, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has specific advantages, such as improved stability and biocompatibility, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. The application and development of hybrid nanoparticles, which incorporates the combined properties of different nanoparticles, has led this type of drug-carrier system to the next level. In addition, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been shown to play a role in overcoming cancer-related drug resistance. The mechanisms of cancer drug resistance include overexpression of drug efflux transporters, defective apoptotic pathways, and hypoxic environment. Nanoparticles targeting these mechanisms can lead to an improvement in the reversal of multidrug resistance. Furthermore, as more tumor drug resistance mechanisms are revealed, nanoparticles are increasingly being developed to target these mechanisms. Moreover, scientists have recently started to investigate the role of nanoparticles in immunotherapy, which plays a more important role in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the roles of nanoparticles and hybrid nanoparticles for drug delivery in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy and describe the targeting mechanism of nanoparticle-based drug delivery as well as its function on reversing drug resistance.

纳米技术已被广泛研究并用于癌症治疗，因为纳米颗粒可以作为药物递送系统发挥重要作用。与常规药物相比，基于纳米颗粒的药物递送具有特定的优势，例如改善的稳定性和生物相容性，增强的渗透性和保留效果以及精确的靶向性。杂化纳米粒子的应用和发展融合了不同纳米粒子的综合特性，将这种类型的药物载体系统带入了一个新的高度。另外，已经显示出基于纳米颗粒的药物递送系统在克服与癌症相关的药物抗性中起作用。癌症耐药性的机制包括药物外排转运蛋白的过表达，凋亡途径的缺陷和低氧环境。靶向这些机制的纳米颗粒可以导致多重耐药性逆转的改善。此外，随着更多的肿瘤药物抗性机制被揭示，越来越多的纳米颗粒被开发来靶向这些机制。此外，科学家最近已经开始研究纳米颗粒在免疫疗法中的作用，其在癌症治疗中起着更为重要的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了纳米颗粒和杂化纳米颗粒在化学疗法，靶向治疗和免疫疗法中的药物递送作用，并描述了基于纳米颗粒的药物递送的靶向机制及其在逆转耐药性中的功能。越来越多的纳米颗粒正在开发以靶向这些机制。此外，科学家最近已经开始研究纳米颗粒在免疫疗法中的作用，其在癌症治疗中起着更为重要的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了纳米颗粒和杂化纳米颗粒在化学疗法，靶向治疗和免疫疗法中的药物递送作用，并描述了基于纳米颗粒的药物递送的靶向机制及其在逆转耐药性中的功能。越来越多地开发纳米颗粒以靶向这些机制。此外，科学家最近已经开始研究纳米颗粒在免疫疗法中的作用，其在癌症治疗中起着更为重要的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了纳米颗粒和杂化纳米颗粒在化学疗法，靶向治疗和免疫疗法中的药物递送作用，并描述了基于纳米颗粒的药物递送的靶向机制及其在逆转耐药性中的功能。