Increases in global population and seafood demand are occurring simultaneously with fisheries decline in an era of rapid climate change. Aquaculture is well positioned to help meet the world’s future seafood needs, but heavy reliance of most global aquaculture on the ambient environment and ecosystem services suggests inherent vulnerability to climate change effects. There are, however, opportunities for adaptation. Engineering and management solutions can reduce exposure to stressors or mitigate stressors through environmental control. Epigenetic adaptation may have the potential to improve stressor tolerance through parental or early life stage exposure. Stressor-resistant traits can be genetically selected for, and maintaining adequate population variability can improve resilience and overall fitness. Information at appropriate time scales is crucial for adaptive response, such as real-time data on stressor levels and/or species’ responses, early warning of deleterious events, or prediction of longer-term change. Diet quality and quantity have the potential to meet increasing energetic and nutritional demands associated with mitigating the effects of abiotic and biotic climate change stressors. Research advancements in understanding how climate change affects aquaculture will benefit most from a combination of empirical studies, modelling approaches, and observations at the farm level. Research to support aquaculture adaptation requires an increasing amount of environmental data to guide biological response studies for regional applications. Increased experimental complexity, resources, and duration will be necessary to better understand the effects of multiple stressors. Ultimately, in order for aquaculture sectors to move beyond short-term coping responses, governance initiatives incorporating the changing needs of stakeholders, users, and culture ecosystems as a whole are required to facilitate planned climate change adaptation and mitigation.

中文翻译：

---

气候变化和水产养殖：考虑适应潜力

在气候快速变化的时代，全球人口和海产品需求的增加与渔业的下降同时发生。水产养殖在帮助满足世界未来海产品需求方面处于有利地位，但大多数全球水产养殖对周围环境和生态系统服务的严重依赖表明其固有的易受气候变化影响的脆弱性。然而，也有适应的机会。工程和管理解决方案可以通过环境控制减少接触压力源或减轻压力源。表观遗传适应可能有可能通过父母或生命早期阶段的暴露来提高压力耐受性。可以通过遗传选择抗应激性状，保持足够的种群变异性可以提高恢复力和整体健康度。适当时间尺度的信息对于适应性反应至关重要，例如压力源水平和/或物种反应的实时数据、有害事件的早期预警或长期变化的预测。饮食质量和数量有可能满足与减轻非生物和生物气候变化压力因素影响相关的日益增长的能量和营养需求。在了解气候变化如何影响水产养殖方面的研究进展将受益于实证研究、建模方法和农场层面观察的结合。支持水产养殖适应的研究需要越来越多的环境数据来指导区域应用的生物反应研究。增加实验复杂性、资源、和持续时间对于更好地了解多种压力源的影响是必要的。最终，为了使水产养殖部门超越短期应对措施，需要纳入利益相关者、用户和整个养殖生态系统不断变化的需求的治理举措，以促进有计划的气候变化适应和减缓。