ABSTRACT: Methods have been proposed to mitigate the environmental footprint of aquaculture, including co-culture of species occupying different trophic levels. In this study, sea cucumbers Cucumaria frondosa, either from production tanks fed with effluent water from land-based salmon culture over 4 yr or collected from the field, were compared using stable isotope, lipid and fatty acid (FA) signatures as indicators of waste assimilation, health and biochemical composition. Enrichment of δ¹³C in muscle bands and intestine and of δ¹⁵N in muscle bands, gonad and intestine was detected in captive individuals relative to wild individuals, suggesting the uptake and assimilation of waste from salmon culture. The higher levels of FA biomarkers typical of salmon feed (18:1ω9, 18:2ω6 and 20:1ω9) and lower ω3/ω6 ratio in the captive sea cucumbers were also in line with assimilation of the waste. However, male and female sea cucumbers from the co-culture became smaller with time, their organ indices were lower than those of wild individuals (e.g. poorly developed gonad), and their biochemical composition differed: triacylglycerol content was greater in wild individuals and phospholipid content was greater in captive individuals. Also, FA profiles of all tissues differed between the 2 groups, whereas total lipid in muscle bands and gonad remained similar. Overall, results support that co-culture with suspension-feeding sea cucumbers may help mitigate the salmon industry footprint. In turn, the biochemical composition of the sea cucumbers changed, and their reduced size and body indices suggest that this food source does not provide suitable nutrients to sustain growth and reproduction.

中文翻译：

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陆生鲑鱼养殖废水多年保存后海参黄瓜的生长，健康和生化组成

摘要：已经提出了减轻水产养殖对环境的影响的方法，包括共同养殖具有不同营养水平的物种。在这项研究中，使用稳定的同位素，脂质和脂肪酸（FA）标记作为废物指标，比较了来自生产罐的海参黄瓜（Cucumaria frondosa），该生产池使用了超过4年的陆生鲑鱼养殖养殖废水或从田间收集来的废水同化，健康和生化组成。的富集δ ¹³在肌肉带和肠和的δ13 C ¹⁵相对于野生个体，在圈养个体中检测到肌肉条带，性腺和肠道中的氮，这表明鲑鱼养殖吸收并吸收了废物。圈养海参中典型的鲑鱼饲料中较高水平的FA生物标志物（18：1ω9、18：2ω6和20：1ω9）和较低的ω3/ω6比值也与废物的吸收一致。然而，共培养的雄性和雌性海参随着时间的流逝变得更小，其器官指数低于野生个体（例如发育不良的性腺），其生化组成也有所不同：野生个体中的三酰甘油含量更高，磷脂含量更高被圈养的个体更大。此外，两组之间所有组织的FA谱均不同，而肌肉带和性腺中的总脂质仍然相似。总体，结果支持与悬浮饲料海参的共培养可能有助于减轻鲑鱼产业的足迹。反过来，海参的生化组成发生了变化，它们的大小和身体指数降低，表明这种食物来源无法提供合适的营养来维持生长和繁殖。