We estimate direct and indirect energy rebound effects for a wide variety of goods and services in Germany. To this end, we employ a linearized approximation of the popular Almost Ideal Demand System (LAIDS) approach suggested by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980). Excluding measures of energy efficiency when estimating rebound can lead to biased results. We alleviate this shortcoming previous research has suffered from by explicitly accounting for energy efficiency in our estimations. Using data for Germany from 1970 to 2014, we find moderate direct and significant indirect rebound effects for different energy carriers across four model specifications. Income rebound effects are counterbalanced by significant negative substitution effects, which in some cases even lead to negative overall rebound estimates.

中文翻译：

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德国家庭的直接和间接能源反弹效应：线性化几乎理想的需求系统方法

我们估计了德国各种商品和服务的直接和间接能源反弹效应。为此，我们采用了 Deaton 和 Muellbauer (1980) 建议的流行的几乎理想需求系统 (LAIDS) 方法的线性近似。在估计回弹时排除能源效率的措施可能会导致有偏差的结果。我们通过在我们的估计中明确考虑能源效率来减轻先前研究所遭受的这一缺点。使用德国 1970 年至 2014 年的数据，我们发现四种型号规格的不同能量载体具有适度的直接和显着的间接反弹效应。收入反弹效应被显着的负面替代效应抵消，在某些情况下甚至导致总体反弹估计为负。