Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Therefore, the focus is gradually shifting from viable probiotic bacteria towards non-viable paraprobiotics and/or probiotics derived biomolecules, so-called postbiotics. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics are the emerging concepts in the functional foods field because they impart an array of health-promoting properties. Although, these terms are not well defined, however, for time being these terms have been defined as here. The postbiotics are the complex mixture of metabolic products secreted by probiotics in cell-free supernatants such as enzymes, secreted proteins, short chain fatty acids, vitamins, secreted biosurfactants, amino acids, peptides, organic acids, etc. While, the paraprobiotics are the inactivated microbial cells of probiotics (intact or ruptured containing cell components such as peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, surface proteins, etc.) or crude cell extracts (i.e. with complex chemical composition)”. However, in many instances postbiotics have been used for whole category of postbiotics and parabiotics. These elicit several advantages over probiotics like; (i) availability in their pure form, (ii) ease in production and storage, (iii) availability of production process for industrial-scale-up, (iv) specific mechanism of action, (v) better accessibility of Microbes Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP) during recognition and interaction with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and (vi) more likely to trigger only the targeted responses by specific ligand-receptor interactions. The current review comprehensively summarizes and discussed various methodologies implied to extract, purify, and identification of paraprobiotic and postbiotic compounds and their potential health benefits.

中文翻译：

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Postbiotics-parabiotics：微生物生物疗法和功能性食品的新视野。

益生菌通过调节肠道微生物组对健康有好处。但是，诸如生存能力控制之类的技术功能限制已经阻碍了它们在食品和制药领域的全部潜在应用。因此，关注点逐渐从存活的益生菌转向非存活的副益生菌和/或益生菌衍生的生物分子，即所谓的后生菌。益生元和益生元是功能食品领域的新兴概念，因为它们具有一系列促进健康的特性。尽管这些术语的定义不明确，但是暂时将这些术语定义为此处。益生元是益生菌在无细胞上清液中分泌的代谢产物的复杂混合物，例如酶，分泌蛋白，短链脂肪酸，维生素，分泌的生物表面活性剂，副益生菌是益生菌的灭活微生物细胞（完整或破裂的含有细胞成分，例如肽聚糖，磷壁酸，表面蛋白等）或粗细胞提取物（即具有复杂化学成分组成）”。然而，在许多情况下，后生素已被用于整个种类的后生素和副生物。与益生菌（例如）相比，这些具有一些优势。（i）以其纯净形式存在；（ii）易于生产和存储；（iii）工业规模化生产过程的可用性；（iv）具体的作用机制，（v）在与模式识别受体（PRR）进行识别和交互过程中，微生物相关分子模式（MAMP）的可及性更高；以及（vi）通过特定的配体-受体相互作用更可能仅触发靶向反应。本篇综述全面总结和讨论了各种提取，纯化和鉴定副益生菌和后生化合物及其潜在健康益处的方法。