当前位置: X-MOL 学术Genet. Sel. Evol. › 论文详情
Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)
Theoretical and empirical comparisons of expected and realized relationships for the X-chromosome.
Genetics Selection Evolution ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-20 , DOI: 10.1186/s12711-020-00570-6
Tom Druet 1 , Andres Legarra 2
Affiliation  

X-chromosomal loci present different inheritance patterns compared to autosomal loci and must be modeled accordingly. Sexual chromosomes are not systematically considered in whole-genome relationship matrices although rules based on genealogical or marker information have been derived. Loci on the X-chromosome could have a significant contribution to the additive genetic variance, in particular for some traits such as those related to reproduction. Thus, accounting for the X-chromosome relationship matrix might be informative to better understand the architecture of complex traits (e.g., by estimating the variance associated to this chromosome) and to improve their genomic prediction. For such applications, previous studies have shown the benefits of combining information from genotyped and ungenotyped individuals. In this paper, we start by presenting rules to compute a genomic relationship matrix (GRM) for the X-chromosome (GX) without making any assumption on dosage compensation, and based on coding of gene content with 0/1 for males and 0/1/2 for females. This coding adjusts naturally to previously derived pedigree-based relationships (S) for the X-chromosome. When needed, we propose to accommodate and estimate dosage compensation and genetic heterogeneity across sexes via multiple trait models. Using a Holstein dairy cattle dataset, including males and females, we then empirically illustrate that realized relationships (GX) matches expectations (S). However, GX presents high deviations from S. GX has also a lower dimensionality compared to the autosomal GRM. In particular, individuals are frequently identical along the entire chromosome. Finally, we confirm that the heritability of gene content for markers on the X-chromosome that are estimated by using S is 1, further demonstrating that S and GX can be combined. For the pseudo-autosomal region, we demonstrate that the expected relationships vary according to position because of the sex-gradient. We end by presenting the rules to construct the 'H matrix’ by combining both relationship matrices. This work shows theoretically and empirically that a pedigree-based relationship matrix built with rules specifically developed for the X-chromosome (S) matches the realized GRM for the X-chromosome. Therefore, applications that combine expected relationships and genotypes for markers on the X-chromosome should use S and GX.

中文翻译:

X染色体预期和实现关系的理论和经验比较。

与常染色体基因座相比,X染色体基因座呈现出不同的遗传模式,因此必须进行建模。尽管已经得出了基于族谱或标记信息的规则,但在全基因组关系矩阵中并未系统地考虑性染色体。X染色体上的基因座可能对加性遗传变异有重要贡献,特别是对于某些性状,例如与繁殖相关的性状。因此,考虑X染色体关系矩阵可能有助于更好地理解复杂性状的体系(例如,通过估计与该染色体相关的变异)并改善其基因组预测。对于此类应用,以前的研究表明将基因型和非基因型个体的信息相结合的好处。在本文中,我们首先提出规则,以计算X染色体(GX)的基因组关系矩阵(GRM),而无需对剂量补偿做任何假设,并且基于编码的基因含量,男性为0/1,男性为0/1/2女性。该编码自然地适应了X染色体的先前基于谱系的关系(S)。当需要时,我们建议通过多种性状模型来适应和估计性别间的剂量补偿和遗传异质性。然后,使用包括男性和雌性在内的荷斯坦奶牛数据集,从经验上说明已实现的关系(GX)与期望(S)相匹配。但是,GX与S的偏差较大。与常染色体GRM相比,GX的尺寸也较低。特别地,个体在整个染色体上通常是相同的。最后,我们证实,使用S估计的X染色体上标记的基因含量的遗传力为1,进一步表明S和GX可以结合使用。对于拟常染色体区域,我们证明由于性别梯度,预期关系会根据位置而变化。我们通过结合两个关系矩阵来提出构建“ H矩阵”的规则。这项工作从理论和经验上都表明,使用专门为X染色体(S)开发的规则构建的基于谱系的关系矩阵与X染色体的已实现GRM相匹配。因此,将X染色体上标记的预期关系和基因型结合在一起的应用程序应使用S和GX。进一步表明S和GX可以结合使用。对于拟常染色体区域,我们证明由于性别梯度,预期关系会根据位置而变化。我们通过结合两个关系矩阵来提出构建“ H矩阵”的规则。这项工作从理论和经验上都表明,使用专门为X染色体(S)开发的规则构建的基于谱系的关系矩阵与X染色体的已实现GRM相匹配。因此,将X染色体上标记的预期关系和基因型结合在一起的应用程序应使用S和GX。进一步表明S和GX可以结合使用。对于拟常染色体区域,我们证明由于性别梯度,预期关系会根据位置而变化。我们通过结合两个关系矩阵来提出构建“ H矩阵”的规则。这项工作从理论和经验上都表明,使用专门为X染色体(S)开发的规则构建的基于谱系的关系矩阵与X染色体的已实现GRM相匹配。因此,将X染色体上标记的预期关系和基因型结合在一起的应用程序应使用S和GX。结合两个关系矩阵 这项工作从理论和经验上都表明,使用专门为X染色体(S)开发的规则构建的基于谱系的关系矩阵与X染色体的已实现GRM相匹配。因此,将X染色体上标记的预期关系和基因型结合在一起的应用程序应使用S和GX。结合两个关系矩阵 这项工作从理论和经验上都表明,使用专门为X染色体(S)开发的规则构建的基于谱系的关系矩阵与X染色体的已实现GRM相匹配。因此,将X染色体上标记的预期关系和基因型结合在一起的应用程序应使用S和GX。
更新日期:2020-08-20
down
wechat
bug