Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz may have applications as a new potential source of biofuels owing to its high seed count, seed oil content, and in-field yields. However, the pericarp of A. trifoliata cracks longitudinally during fruit ripening, which increases the incidence of pests and diseases and can lead to fruit decay and deterioration, resulting in significant losses in yield. Few studies have evaluated the mechanisms underlying A. trifoliata fruit cracking. In this study, by observing the cell wall structure of the pericarp, we found that the cell wall became thinner and looser and showed substantial breakdown in the pericarp of cracking fruit compared with that in non-cracking fruit. Moreover, integrative analyses of transcriptome and proteome profiles at different stages of fruit ripening demonstrated changes in the expression of various genes and proteins after cracking. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of 20 differentially expressed genes were analyzed, and parallel reaction monitoring analysis of 20 differentially expressed proteins involved in cell wall metabolism was conducted. Among the molecular targets, pectate lyases and pectinesterase, which are involved in pentose and glucuronate interconversion, and β-galactosidase 2, which is involved in galactose metabolism, were significantly upregulated in cracking fruits than in non-cracking fruits. This suggested that they might play crucial roles in A. trifoliata fruit cracking. Our findings provided new insights into potential genes influencing the fruit cracking trait in A. trifoliata and established a basis for further research on the breeding of cracking-resistant varieties to increase seed yields for biorefineries.

中文翻译：

---

综合转录组和蛋白质组分析为木通果实成熟过程中开裂的不同阶段提供了新的见解。

Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz 由于其高种子数、种子含油量和田间产量，可作为一种新的潜在生物燃料来源应用。然而，枳实的果皮在果实成熟过程中纵向开裂，增加了病虫害的发生率，并导致果实腐烂变质，导致产量显着损失。很少有研究评估 A. trifoliata 果实开裂的机制。本研究通过观察果皮的细胞壁结构，发现与未裂果相比，裂果的果皮细胞壁变得更薄、更松散，并表现出明显的破裂。而且，对果实成熟不同阶段转录组和蛋白质组谱的综合分析表明，开裂后各种基因和蛋白质的表达发生了变化。此外，对20个差异表达基因的mRNA水平进行分析，并对20个参与细胞壁代谢的差异表达蛋白进行平行反应监测分析。在分子靶点中，参与戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化的果胶酸裂合酶和果胶酯酶，以及参与半乳糖代谢的β-半乳糖苷酶2在开裂果实中显着上调。这表明它们可能在 A. trifoliata 果实开裂中起关键作用。我们的研究结果为影响 A.