Forficula auricularia (the European earwig) is possibly a complex of cryptic species. To test this hypothesis, we performed: (1) a phylogeographic study based on fragments of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear ITS2 markers on a wide geographic sampling, (2) morphometric analyses of lineages present in Spain and (3) niche overlap analyses. We recovered five reciprocally monophyletic ancient phylogroups with unique historical patterns of distribution, climatic niches and diversification. External morphology was conserved and not correlated with speciation events, except in one case. Phylogenetic placement of the morphologically distinct taxon renders F. auricularia paraphyletic. Based on the congruence of the phylogenetic units defined by mtDNA and nuclear sequence data, we conclude that phylogroups have their own historical and future evolutionary trajectory and represent independent taxonomic units. Forficula auricularia is a complex of at least four species: the morphologically diagnosable Forficula aeolica Gonzalez-Miguens \amp; Garcia-Paris sp. nov., and the cryptic taxa: Forficula mediterranea Gonzalez-Miguens \amp; Garcia-Paris sp. nov., Forficula dentataFabricius, 1775stat. nov. and Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus, 1758s.s. We also provide new synonymy for F. dentata. (Less)

中文翻译：

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Forficula auricularia 物种复合体中的物种形成模式：整个古北地区西部的隐秘和不那么隐秘的分类群

Forficula auricularia（欧洲蠼螋）可能是一个复杂的神秘物种。为了验证这一假设，我们进行了：（1）基于线粒体 COI 片段和核 ITS2 标记的系统地理学研究，在广泛的地理采样中，（2）西班牙存在的谱系的形态计量分析和（3）生态位重叠分析。我们恢复了五个相互单系的古代系统群，它们具有独特的历史分布、气候生态位和多样化模式。除了一种情况外，外部形态是保守的，并且与物种形成事件无关。形态上不同的分类群的系统发育位置使 F. auricularia 并系。基于 mtDNA 和核序列数据定义的系统发育单位的一致性，我们得出结论，系统群有自己的历史和未来进化轨迹，代表独立的分类单元。Forficula auricularia 是至少四个物种的复合体：形态学上可诊断的 Forficula aeolica Gonzalez-Miguens \amp; 加西亚-巴黎 sp. 11 月，以及神秘的分类群：Forficula mediterranea Gonzalez-Miguens \amp; 加西亚-巴黎 sp. 11 月，Forficula dentataFabricius，1775 年统计。十一月 和 Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus, 1758s.s. 我们还为 F. dentata 提供了新的同义词。（较少的）1775 统计。十一月 和 Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus, 1758s.s. 我们还为 F. dentata 提供了新的同义词。（较少的）1775 统计。十一月 和 Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus, 1758s.s. 我们还为 F. dentata 提供了新的同义词。（较少的）