The nervous system is intimately involved in physiological processes from development and growth to tissue homeostasis and repair throughout the body. It logically follows that the nervous system has the potential to play analogous roles in the context of cancer. Progress toward understanding the crucial role of the nervous system in cancer has accelerated in recent years, but much remains to be learned. Here, we highlight rapidly evolving concepts in this burgeoning research space and consider next steps toward understanding and therapeutically targeting the neural regulation of cancer.

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