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Invasiveness, ecological impacts and control of acacias in southwestern Europe – a review
Web Ecology ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-09 , DOI: 10.5194/we-20-33-2020
Cristina Vieites-Blanco , Serafín J. González-Prieto

Abstract. The most prolific acacias in southern Europe (Acacia dealbata, A. melanoxylon and A. longifolia) are rapidly spreading in its westernmost area: Portugal and NW Spain, where congeners with invasion potential are already established. We performed a bibliographic search of acacia invasions in southern Europe and used spatial data on acacia distribution and abiotic parameters in Iberia to check the influence of abiotic factors on acacia invasion. According to our results, in Iberia A. dealbata and A. melanoxylon seem limited by high soil pH (pH CaCl 2 > 5.5 ), frequent frosts ( >21 to 40 d yr −1 ) and low annual precipitation ( to 1000 mm); data were inconclusive for A. longifolia, while A. saligna prefers neutral soils in the driest and warmest areas. The percentage of area occupied by A. dealbata and A. melanoxylon increases significantly with the percentage of burnt surface. In the literature, acacias' invasiveness is usually attributed to their high resprouting and seeding capacity and to native exclusion through their allelopathic potential; symbiotic promiscuity with rhizobia; high environmental plasticity; and adaptation to burnt, cleared and resource-poor land. However, it is unknown how acacias became so invasive in western Iberia, where native Fabaceae shrubs with similar ecological traits (and invaders outside their natural range) are abundant. Invasive acacias can modify fire and water regimes, aboveground biodiversity, and topsoil characteristics (microbial communities, pH, organic matter and macronutrients levels); nevertheless, sound comparisons with mature stands of Iberian legumes for these and other soil properties (N fluxes, micronutrients) are lacking. As several acacias outcompete Iberian Fabaceae shrubs partly thanks to enemy release, the introduction of biocontrol agents (as for A. longifolia in Portugal) can be useful for invasion control.

中文翻译:

欧洲西南部金合欢的入侵、生态影响和控制——综述

摘要。南欧最多产的金合欢(Acacia dealbata、A. melanoxylon 和 A. longifolia)正在其最西部地区迅速蔓延:葡萄牙和西班牙西北部,在那里已经建立了具有入侵潜力的同源物。我们对南欧的金合欢入侵进行了书目搜索,并使用有关伊比利亚的金合欢分布和非生物参数的空间数据来检查非生物因素对金合欢入侵的影响。根据我们的结果,在 Iberia A. dealbata 和 A. melanoxylon 似乎受到高土壤 pH(pH CaCl 2 > 5.5 )、频繁霜冻(> 21 至 40 d yr -1 )和低年降水量(至 1000 mm)的限制;A. longifolia 的数据不确定,而 A. saligna 在最干燥和最温暖的地区更喜欢中性土壤。A. dealbata 和 A. 所占面积的百分比。黑木素随着燃烧表面的百分比显着增加。在文献中,金合欢的入侵性通常归因于它们的高再发芽和播种能力,以及通过它们的化感潜力被本地排斥。与根瘤菌共生;高环境可塑性;和适应烧毁、清理和资源贫乏的土地。然而,尚不清楚金合欢是如何在伊比利亚西部变得如此具有侵略性的,在那里,具有相似生态特征的豆科灌木(以及其自然范围之外的入侵者)丰富。入侵的金合欢可以改变水火情势、地上生物多样性和表土特征(微生物群落、pH、有机物质和常量营养素水平);尽管如此,在这些和其他土壤特性(氮通量,微量元素)缺乏。由于几种金合欢在竞争中胜过伊比利亚豆科灌木,部分原因是敌人的释放,因此引入生物防治剂(如葡萄牙的长叶金合欢)可用于控制入侵。
更新日期:2020-07-09
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