The water-saving service (WSS) supply chain equilibrium and cooperative decision models under the scenario without/with the social welfare maximization (SWM) goal are developed, analyzed, and compared, respectively, the numerical and sensitivity analyses for all models are conducted and compared, and the corresponding management insights and policy implications are summarized in this paper. The research results indicate that: (1) the cooperation strategy outperforms the equilibrium strategy regarding the water-consumption reduction, operational performance of WSS supply chain, the corresponding social welfare, consumer surplus, and positive externalities, regardless of whether the SWM is considered or not; (2) a subsidy threshold policy under which the government only subsidizes the WSS supply chain adopting the cooperation strategy is recommended to be designed to maximize social welfare with higher positive externalities; (3) subsidizing the WSS to pursue the SWM contributes to enhancing the water-consumption reduction, improving the operational performance of WSS supply chain and its members, the corresponding social welfare, consumer surplus, and positive externalities; (4) the WSS provider would have an internal incentive to provide WSS without government subsidy when the fixed cost of WSS is low, otherwise, the WSS provider would not have an internal incentive to provide WSS unless with a government subsidy.

开发，分析并比较了在没有/有社会福利最大化目标的情况下的节水服务（WSS）供应链均衡和合作决策模型，分别对所有模型进行了数值和敏感性分析，通过比较，总结了相应的管理见解和政策含义。研究结果表明：（1）无论是考虑SWM还是考虑SWM，在减少水消耗，WSS供应链的运营绩效，相应的社会福利，消费者剩余和正外部性方面，合作策略都优于均衡策略。不; （2）建议设计一种补贴门槛政策，在该政策下，政府仅对采用合作策略的WSS供应链进行补贴，以最大程度地提高社会福利和正外部性；（3）资助WSS追求SWM，有助于提高用水量，改善WSS供应链及其成员的运营绩效，相应的社会福利，消费者剩余和积极的外部性；（4）当WSS的固定成本较低时，WSS提供者会有内部激励提供WSS，而无需政府补贴，否则，除非获得政府补贴，否则WSS提供者将没有内部激励来提供WSS。（3）资助WSS追求SWM，有助于提高用水量，改善WSS供应链及其成员的运营绩效，相应的社会福利，消费者剩余和积极的外部性；（4）当WSS的固定成本较低时，WSS提供者会有内部激励提供WSS，而无需政府补贴，否则，除非获得政府补贴，否则WSS提供者将没有内部激励来提供WSS。（3）资助WSS追求SWM，有助于提高用水量，改善WSS供应链及其成员的运营绩效，相应的社会福利，消费者剩余和积极的外部性；（4）当WSS的固定成本较低时，WSS提供者会有内部激励提供WSS，而无需政府补贴，否则，除非获得政府补贴，否则WSS提供者将没有内部激励来提供WSS。