Previous research showed that conditioning a PSO agent’s movement based on its personal fitness improvement enhances the standard PSO method. In this article, Languid Particle Dynamics (LPD) technique is used on five adequate and widely used PSO variants. Five unmodified PSO variants were tested against their LPD-enabled counterparts on three search space dimensionalities (10, 20, and 50 dimensions) and 30 test functions of the CEC 2014 benchmark test. In the preliminary phase of the testing four of the five tested PSO variants showed improvement in accuracy. The worst and best-achieving variants from preliminary test went through detailed investigation on 220 and 770 combinations of method parameters, where both variants showed overall gains in accuracy when enhanced with LPD. The results obtained with best achieving PSO parameters were subject to statistical analysis which showed that the two variants give statistically significant improvements in accuracy for 13–50% of the test functions. Lastly, an engineering application test-case of water distribution system optimization was used, in which 151 pipe diameters were optimized with the tested PSO variants. Two of the five PSO variants manifested significantly improved accuracy when enhanced with LPD, with a LPD-enabled variant producing the overall best results, as being the only variant capable of finding the optimal pipe network configuration.

先前的研究表明，基于PSO代理的个人适应性改善来调节其运动可以增强标准PSO方法。在本文中，Languid粒子动力学（LPD）技术用于五个适当且广泛使用的PSO变体。在CEC 2014基准测试的三个搜索空间维度（10、20和50维度）和30个测试功能上，对五个未修改的PSO变体与启用LPD的同类变体进行了测试。在测试的初步阶段，五个被测试的PSO变体中的四个显示出准确性的提高。初步测试中最差和效果最好的变体经过对220个和770个方法参数组合的详细研究，当使用LPD进行增强时，这两个变体均显示出整体精度的提高。对获得最佳PSO参数的结果进行了统计分析，结果表明，对于13–50％的测试功能，这两个变量在准确性上具有统计学上的显着提高。最后，使用了供水系统优化的工程应用测试案例，其中使用测试的PSO变型优化了151个管径。五个PSO变体中的两个在使用LPD进行增强时表现出显着提高的精度，而启用LPD的变体产生了总体最佳结果，是唯一能够找到最佳管网配置的变体。使用了供水系统优化的工程应用测试案例，其中使用测试的PSO变型优化了151个管径。五个PSO变体中的两个在使用LPD进行增强时表现出显着提高的精度，而启用LPD的变体产生了总体最佳结果，是唯一能够找到最佳管网配置的变体。使用了供水系统优化的工程应用测试案例，其中使用测试的PSO变型优化了151个管径。五个PSO变体中的两个在使用LPD进行增强时表现出显着提高的精度，而启用LPD的变体产生了总体最佳结果，是唯一能够找到最佳管网配置的变体。