Previous work in landscape genetics suggests that geographic isolation is of greater importance to genetic divergence than variation in environmental conditions. This is intuitive when configurations of suitable habitat are a dominant factor limiting dispersal and gene flow, but has not been thoroughly examined for habitat specialists with strong dispersal capability. Here, we evaluate the effects of geographic and environmental isolation on genetic divergence for a vagile invertebrate with high habitat specificity and a discrete dispersal life stage: Dod's Old World swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon dodi. In Canada, P. m. dodi are generally restricted to eroding habitat along major river valleys where their larval host plant occurs. A series of causal and linear mixed effects models indicate that divergence of genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms is best explained by a combination of environmental isolation (variation in summer temperatures) and geographic isolation (Euclidean distance). Interestingly, least‐cost path and circuit distances through a resistance surface parameterized as the inverse of habitat suitability were not supported. This suggests that, although habitat associations of many butterflies are specific due to reproductive requirements, habitat suitability and landscape permeability are not equivalent concepts due to considerable adult vagility. We infer that divergent selection related to variation in summer temperatures has produced two genetic clusters within P. m. dodi, differing in voltinism and diapause propensity. Within the next century, temperatures are predicted to rise by amounts greater than the present‐day difference between regions of the genetic clusters, potentially affecting the persistence of the northern cluster under continued climate change.

中文翻译：

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脆弱的生境专家中的基因流和与气候相关的遗传变异。

先前有关景观遗传学的研究表明，地理隔离对于遗传差异比环境条件的变化更为重要。当合适的栖息地的配置是限制传播和基因流动的主要因素时，这是很直观的，但是对于具有强大传播能力的栖息地专家，尚未进行全面检查。在这里，我们评估了地理和环境隔离对具有高栖息地特异性和离散分散生命阶段的无脊椎动物无脊椎动物的遗传多样性的影响：道德的旧世界燕尾蝶，Papilio machaon dodi。在加拿大，下午 多迪通常被限制在其幼虫寄主植物发生的主要河流河谷的栖息地受到侵蚀。一系列因果关系和线性混合效应模型表明，通过环境隔离（夏季温度变化）和地理隔离（欧氏距离）的组合，可以最好地解释全基因组范围内单核苷酸多态性的差异。有趣的是，不支持通过参数化为栖息地适应性倒数的电阻表面的最小成本路径和电路距离。这表明，尽管由于繁殖的需要，许多蝴蝶的栖息地关联是特定的，但由于成年后的易变性，栖息地的适宜性和景观通透性并不是等同的概念。下午 dodi，在voltinism和滞育倾向方面有所不同。在下个世纪之内，预计温度升高的幅度将大于当今遗传集群区域之间的差异，这可能会影响持续的气候变化下北部集群的持久性。