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Design of concrete  : Setting a new basis for improving both durability and environmental performance
Journal of Industrial Ecology ( IF 5.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 , DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13059
Anne Ventura 1, 2 , Van‐Loc Ta 1 , Tristan Senga Kiessé 1, 3 , Stéphanie Bonnet 4
Affiliation  

CO2 emissions from cement production currently represent around 6% of global CO2 emissions. However, cement concrete absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere because of carbonation (i.e., penetration of atmospheric CO2 inside bulk concrete). Carbonation has beneficial effects on the mechanical resistance of cement concrete. However, carbonation also has adverse effects because it provokes a decrease in pH that favors later corrosion of reinforcing bars and thus reduces service life. Current European standards provide recommendations concerning reinforcing concrete covers, but these are not based on actual service‐life durations. Thanks to a previously developed carbonation model combined with sensitivity analysis and LCA, we compare Climate Change indicators of 1 m2 of reinforced concrete cover over a 100‐years service life exposed to XC4 conditions in Madrid, obtained on one hand by using current standards and on the other hand with concrete‐cover depths calculated with our carbonation model. Our results show that cement strength class is a key parameter to both increase durability and decrease climate‐change impacts. When the carbonation model is used to optimize both durability and climate‐change impacts, it drives to considerable and significant improvements. Finally, climate‐change indicators predicted from our carbonation model are not linearly linked to carbon intensity of cements, which is a current argument of so‐called “green cements.” The values of indicators presented in this article cannot be generalized: They mainly depend on the geographical location. However, the model and key action levers are general. Using high cement strength classes and low water‐to‐cement ratios allows use of lower concrete‐cover depths and thus save amounts of concrete compared to the standard. This generates an important benefit in terms of climate‐change impacts for identical service lives and improved mechanical resistance. Thus, considering the huge impact of cement and construction industry on climate change, we plead for a revision of standards which, instead of thresholds based on simplified models, should provide certified tools enabling the best design for every situation. This article met the requirements for a gold/gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

中文翻译:

混凝土设计:为改善耐久性和环境性能奠定新的基础

水泥生产中的CO 2排放量目前约占全球CO 2排放量的6%。但是,由于碳化(即大气中CO 2的渗透),水泥混凝土从大气中吸收了CO 2内部散装混凝土)。碳化对水泥混凝土的机械强度具有有益的影响。但是,碳酸化也会产生不利影响,因为它会引起pH值下降,从而有利于钢筋的后续腐蚀,从而缩短使用寿命。当前的欧洲标准提供了有关加强混凝土保护层的建议,但这些建议并非基于实际使用寿命。由于先前开发的碳酸化模型结合了敏感性分析和LCA,我们比较了1 m 2的气候变化指标暴露于马德里的XC4条件下的100年使用寿命中的钢筋混凝土覆盖层的强度,一方面是通过使用当前标准获得的,另一方面是通过我们的碳化模型计算得出的混凝土覆盖层深度。我们的结果表明,水泥强度等级是既增加耐用性又减少气候变化影响的关键参数。当使用碳化模型同时优化耐久性和气候变化影响时,它会带来可观且显着的改进。最后,根据我们的碳化模型预测的气候变化指标与水泥的碳强度没有线性关系,这是目前所谓“绿色水泥”的观点。本文介绍的指标的值不能一概而论:它们主要取决于地理位置。然而,型号和关键操作杆是通用的。与标准相比,使用高水泥强度等级和低水灰比可以使用较低的混凝土覆盖层深度,从而节省混凝土量。对于相同的使用寿命和改善的机械抵抗力而言,这在气候变化影响方面具有重要意义。因此,考虑到水泥和建筑业对气候变化的巨大影响,我们呼吁修订标准,而不是基于简化模型的阈值,而应提供经过认证的工具,以确保在每种情况下都能进行最佳设计。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的金/金JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。与标准相比,使用高水泥强度等级和低水灰比可以使用较低的混凝土覆盖层深度,从而节省混凝土量。对于相同的使用寿命和改善的机械抵抗力而言,这在气候变化影响方面具有重要意义。因此,考虑到水泥和建筑业对气候变化的巨大影响,我们呼吁修订标准,而不是基于简化模型的阈值,而应提供经过认证的工具,以确保在每种情况下都能进行最佳设计。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的金/金JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。与标准相比,使用高水泥强度等级和低水灰比可以使用较低的混凝土覆盖层深度,从而节省混凝土量。对于相同的使用寿命和改善的机械抵抗力而言,这在气候变化影响方面具有重要意义。因此,考虑到水泥和建筑业对气候变化的巨大影响,我们呼吁修订标准,而不是基于简化模型的阈值,而应提供经过认证的工具,以确保在每种情况下都能进行最佳设计。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的金/金JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。考虑到水泥和建筑业对气候变化的巨大影响,我们恳求修订标准,而不是基于简化模型的阈值,而应提供经过认证的工具,以确保在每种情况下都能实现最佳设计。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的金/金JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。考虑到水泥和建筑业对气候变化的巨大影响,我们恳请修订标准,而不是基于简化模型的阈值,而应提供经过认证的工具,以实现针对每种情况的最佳设计。本文符合http://jie.click/badges中所述的金/金JIE数据开放性徽章的要求。
更新日期:2020-08-18
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