Postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration plays an important role during a wide variety of musculoskeletal regeneration processes such as fracture healing, joint replacement and dental implant surgery, distraction osteogenesis, stress fracture healing, and repair of skeletal defects caused by trauma or resection of tumors. The molecular basis of intramembranous bone regeneration has been interrogated using rodent models of most of these conditions. These studies reveal that signaling pathways such as Wnt, TGFβ/BMP, FGF, VEGF, and Notch are invoked, reminiscent of embryonic development of membranous bone. Discoveries of several skeletal stem cell/progenitor populations using mouse genetic models also reveal the potential sources of postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration. The purpose of this review is to compare the underlying molecular signals and progenitor cells that characterize embryonic development of membranous bone and postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration.

中文翻译：

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膜内骨再生如何忠实地概括胚胎骨骼发育？

产后膜内骨再生在多种肌肉骨骼再生过程中发挥重要作用，例如骨折愈合、关节置换和牙种植手术、牵引成骨、应力性骨折愈合以及由创伤或切除肿瘤引起的骨骼缺损修复。已经使用大多数这些情况的啮齿动物模型询问了膜内骨再生的分子基础。这些研究表明，Wnt、TGFβ/BMP、FGF、VEGF 和 Notch 等信号通路被调用，让人联想到膜骨的胚胎发育。使用小鼠遗传模型发现的几种骨骼干细胞/祖细胞群也揭示了出生后膜内骨再生的潜在来源。