Abstract Children predict others’ behavior from their facial features (Charlesworth, Hudson, Cogsdill, Spelke, & Banaji, 2019). This study examined whether children make these face-based decisions by associating traits (e.g. competence and trustworthiness) with specific faces, or by evaluating faces based on valence (e.g., positive or negative). Four- and five-year-olds made inferences about pairs of positively-valenced faces with different traits: one competent-looking and one trustworthy-looking. Only 5-year-olds reliably distinguished between the faces in each pair, identifying the competent-looking faces as most likely to be knowledgeable and the trustworthy-looking faces as most likely to be good sharers. Therefore, although very young children are sensitive to others’ facial features (Jessen & Grossmann, 2016), preschoolers still undergo important changes in how they evaluate others’ faces. Specifically, younger preschoolers’ inferences rely more on holistic processes of evaluating the valence in someone’s face, whereas older preschoolers evaluate others’ faces based on traits apparent in each face.

中文翻译：

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价位还是特质？儿童使用面部特征来推断他人的发展变化

摘要 儿童通过面部特征预测他人的行为（Charlesworth、Hudson、Cogsdill、Spelke 和 Banaji，2019 年）。这项研究检查了儿童是通过将特征（例如能力和可信度）与特定面孔相关联，还是通过基于效价（例如正面或负面）评估面孔来做出这些基于面孔的决定。4 岁和 5 岁的孩子推断出一对具有不同特征的积极正面的面孔：一个看起来能干，一个看起来值得信赖。只有 5 岁的孩子能够可靠地区分每一对中的面孔，将看起来有能力的面孔识别为最有可能知识渊博，而将看起来值得信赖的面孔识别为最有可能成为优秀的分享者。因此，虽然非常年幼的孩子对他人的面部特征很敏感 (Jessen & Grossmann, 2016)，学龄前儿童在评估他人面孔方面仍然经历着重要的变化。具体来说，年轻的学龄前儿童的推断更多地依赖于评估某人面部效价的整体过程，而年长的学龄前儿童则根据每个人脸上明显的特征来评估他人的面部。