While controlled dielectric breakdown (CBD) emerged as a promising method for accessible solid-state nanopore fabrication, there are still significant challenges in understanding the fabrication dynamics due to the lack of in situ cross-reference characterization beyond current monitoring. In this work, we developed a multimodal method for characterizing the dielectric breakdown-based nanopore formation dynamics. With this capability, we observed for the first time the redox-induced bubble generation at the electrolyte–membrane interface. The randomly generated gas bubble would significantly alter the electric field distribution on the membrane surfaces and is an overlooked factor that can contribute to the random distribution of the nanopores. Besides, we also studied the impact of electric field strength on the number and location of nanopore(s) initially formed and after enlargement. We believe that the direct evidence of redox-induced bubble formation and the impact of the electric field on nanopore formation dynamics presented in this work would provide significant experimental insight for further improving the breakdown-based solid-state nanopore fabrication.

中文翻译：

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直接观察氧化还原诱导的气泡生成和介电击穿中纳米孔形成动力学

尽管受控介电击穿（CBD）成为可访问的固态纳米孔制造的有前途的方法，但由于缺乏原位，在理解制造动力学方面仍然存在重大挑战交叉引用表征超出了当前的监控范围。在这项工作中，我们开发了一种用于表征基于介电击穿的纳米孔形成动力学的多峰方法。有了这种功能，我们第一次观察到了氧化还原引起的气泡在电解质-膜界面的产生。随机产生的气泡会显着改变膜表面上的电场分布，并且是一个可以忽略的因素，可能会导致纳米孔的随机分布。此外，我们还研究了电场强度对最初形成和扩大后的纳米孔的数量和位置的影响。