Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is prevalent and may be associated with both esophageal and extraesophageal syndromes, which include various pulmonary conditions. GERD may lead to pulmonary complications through the “reflux” (aspiration) or “reflex” (refluxate‐triggered, vagally mediated airway spasm) mechanisms. While GERD may cause or worsen pulmonary disorders, changes in respiratory mechanics due to lung disease may also increase reflux. Typical esophageal symptoms are frequently absent and objective assessment with reflux monitoring is often needed for diagnosis. Impedance monitoring should be considered in addition to traditional pH study due to the involvement of both acidic and weakly acidic/nonacidic reflux. Antireflux therapy may improve outcomes of some pulmonary complications of GERD, although careful selection of a candidate is paramount to successful outcomes. Further research is needed to identify the optimal testing strategy and patient phenotypes that would benefit from antireflux therapy to improve pulmonary outcomes.

中文翻译：

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胃食管反流的食管外综合征：与肺部疾病和移植结果的关系

胃食管反流病 (GERD) 很普遍，可能与食管和食管外综合征有关，包括各种肺部疾病。GERD 可能通过“反流”（吸入）或“反射”（反流触发、迷走神经介导的气道痉挛）机制导致肺部并发症。虽然 GERD 可能导致或加重肺部疾病，但肺部疾病引起的呼吸力学变化也可能增加反流。典型的食道症状经常不存在，通常需要通过反流监测进行客观评估以进行诊断。由于涉及酸性和弱酸性/非酸性回流，除了传统的 pH 研究外，还应考虑阻抗监测。抗反流治疗可能会改善某些 GERD 肺部并发症的结果，尽管仔细选择候选人对取得成功至关重要。需要进一步研究以确定可从抗反流治疗中受益以改善肺部结局的最佳检测策略和患者表型。