Abstract The goal of this study was to examine how IQ changes (the Flynn effect) among school-aged children in Portugal behaved over a period of 25 years (1991, 2008 and 2016) that registered major economic transformations in the country. The country's initial move to prosperity was followed by a recent move into recession, which might affect IQ gains. Changes in IQ by level of intellectual ability were also inspected. Children's scores on Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices in Portugal were compared between the years 1991, 2008 and 2016. Differences in IQs were calculated according to Flynn's (1987) procedures. In addition, percentile distributions of children's scores in the period of economic growth (between 1991 and 2008) were compared for inspection of IQ changes across levels of intellectual ability. Results showed an IQ gain of 2.6 points per decade from 1991 to 2008, followed by a smaller increase (of 1.7 points per decade) from 2008 to 2016, with negative gains observed for seven-, eight- and 10-year-old children. The gains in IQ from 1991 to 2008 have occurred mainly for lower levels of intellectual ability. IQ relative gains accompanied the country's economic fluctuations, and children in lower levels of intellectual ability seemed to have benefitted the most from the economic growth. The trends in the country are suggestive of the influence of economic fluctuations on family dynamics, which, although moderated by education, have consequences for children's cognitive development.

中文翻译：

---

葡萄牙儿童在 Raven 的彩色渐进矩阵上的表现：弗林效应

摘要 本研究的目的是研究葡萄牙学龄儿童在 25 年（1991、2008 和 2016 年）期间的 IQ 变化（弗林效应）在该国发生重大经济转型时的表现。该国最初走向繁荣之后，最近又陷入衰退，这可能会影响智商的提高。还检查了智力水平的 IQ 变化。比较了 1991、2008 和 2016 年葡萄牙儿童在 Raven 彩色渐进矩阵上的分数。根据 Flynn (1987) 的程序计算了智商差异。此外，还比较了经济增长时期（1991年至2008年）儿童分数的百分位分布，以检查不同智力水平的智商变化。结果显示，从 1991 年到 2008 年，智商每十年增加 2.6 分，然后从 2008 年到 2016 年有较小的增长（每十年增加 1.7 分），观察到 7、8 和 10 岁儿童的智商增长为负。从 1991 年到 2008 年，智商的提高主要是因为智力水平较低。智商的相对增长伴随着国家的经济波动，而智力水平较低的儿童似乎从经济增长中受益最大。该国的趋势表明经济波动对家庭动态的影响，虽然受到教育的影响，但会对儿童的认知发展产生影响。在 7 岁、8 岁和 10 岁的儿童中观察到负增长。从 1991 年到 2008 年，智商的提高主要是因为智力水平较低。智商的相对增长伴随着国家的经济波动，而智力水平较低的儿童似乎从经济增长中受益最大。该国的趋势表明经济波动对家庭动态的影响，虽然受到教育的影响，但会对儿童的认知发展产生影响。在 7、8 和 10 岁的儿童中观察到负增长。从 1991 年到 2008 年，智商的提高主要是因为智力水平较低。智商的相对增长伴随着国家的经济波动，而智力水平较低的儿童似乎从经济增长中受益最大。该国的趋势表明经济波动对家庭动态的影响，虽然受到教育的影响，但会对儿童的认知发展产生影响。智力水平较低的儿童似乎从经济增长中受益最大。该国的趋势表明经济波动对家庭动态的影响，虽然受到教育的影响，但会对儿童的认知发展产生影响。智力水平较低的儿童似乎从经济增长中受益最大。该国的趋势表明经济波动对家庭动态的影响，虽然受到教育的影响，但会对儿童的认知发展产生影响。