Emerging evidence suggests that the effect of dietary intake on human health and disease is linked to both the immune system and the microbiota. Yet, we lack an integrated mechanistic model for how these three complex systems relate, limiting our ability to understand and treat chronic and infectious disease. Here, we review recent findings at the interface of microbiology, immunology, and nutrition, with an emphasis on experimentally tractable models and hypothesis-driven mechanistic work. We outline emerging mechanistic concepts and generalizable approaches to bridge the gap between microbial ecology and molecular mechanism. These set the stage for a new era of precision human nutrition informed by a deep and comprehensive knowledge of the diverse cell types in and on the human body.

新出现的证据表明，饮食摄入对人类健康和疾病的影响与免疫系统和微生物群有关。然而，我们缺乏关于这三个复杂系统如何关联的综合机制模型，限制了我们理解和治疗慢性病和传染病的能力。在这里，我们回顾了微生物学、免疫学和营养学界面的最新发现，重点是实验上易于处理的模型和假设驱动的机械工作。我们概述了新兴的机械概念和可推广的方法，以弥合微生物生态学和分子机制之间的差距。通过对人体内外不同细胞类型的深入而全面的了解，这些为精准人类营养的新时代奠定了基础。