There has been much controversy over weak and strong emergence in physics and biology. As pointed out by Phil Anderson in many papers, the existence of broken symmetries is the key to emergence of properties in much of solid state physics. By carefully distinguishing between dfferent types of symmetry breaking and tracing the relation between broken symmetries at micro and macro scales, I demonstrate that the emergence of the properties of semiconductors is a case of strong emergence. This is due to the existence of quasiparticles such as phonons. Furthermore time dependent potentials enable downward causation as in the case of digital computers. Additionally I show that the processes of evolutionary emergence of living systems is also a case of strong emergence, as is the emergence of properties of life out of the underlying physics. A useful result emerges: standard physics theories and the emergent theories arising out of them are all effective theories that are equally valid

中文翻译：

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固态物理学和生物学的出现

物理学和生物学中关于弱涌现和强涌现的争论很多。正如 Phil Anderson 在许多论文中所指出的那样，对称性破缺的存在是许多固态物理性质出现的关键。通过仔细区分不同类型的对称性破缺并在微观和宏观尺度上追踪对称性破缺之间的关系，我证明了半导体特性的出现是强出现的一个例子。这是由于准粒子如声子的存在。此外，与数字计算机的情况一样，时间相关的电位可以实现向下的因果关系。此外，我还表明，生命系统的进化涌现过程也是强涌现的一个例子，就像生命属性从底层物理中涌现一样。