Abstract The three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), was shown to transmit Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causative agent for Grapevine red blotch disease, in a greenhouse study on grapes. GRBV is a major concern of wine grape growers due to its economic impact on wine quality. Plants in the family Fabaceae are preferred hosts of S. festinus and are commonly planted as cover crops or present in a vineyard's native vegetation. In late winter, during grapevine dormancy, S. festinus migrate into vineyards to feed and reproduce on these cover crop and weed hosts. Tilling vineyard floor vegetation provides growers an opportunity to disrupt the life cycle of early instars that are relatively immobile, reducing the S. festinus first-generation population. Nymphal presence is difficult to detect. First through third instars were not detected in sweep net samples in a 2-yr weekly sampling study, whereas fourth and fifth instars were first found on the same sample date as emerging adults. A degree-day model was developed and successfully predicted when early S. festinus instars are present in the vineyard to aid in exploiting the time period when S. festinus is most susceptible to cultural control measures.

中文翻译：

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使用阶段结构的学位日模型在加利福尼亚葡萄园中实施 Spissistilus festinus（半翅目：膜虫科）文化实践的时间安排

摘要 在对葡萄进行​​的温室研究中，三角苜蓿漏斗 Spissistilus festinus (Say) 被证明可以传播葡萄红斑病病毒 (GRBV)，它是葡萄红斑病的病原体。由于 GRBV 对葡萄酒质量的经济影响，GRBV 是酿酒葡萄种植者的主要关注点。豆科植物是 S. festinus 的首选宿主，通常作为覆盖作物种植或存在于葡萄园的原生植被中。在晚冬，葡萄树休眠期间，S. festinus 迁移到葡萄园中，在这些覆盖作物和杂草寄主上取食和繁殖。耕种葡萄园地面植被为种植者提供了一个机会，可以破坏相对固定的早龄幼虫的生命周期，从而减少 S. festinus 第一代种群。若虫的存在很难被发现。在一项为期 2 年的每周抽样研究中，未在清扫网样本中检测到一龄至三龄，而四龄和五龄首次在与新兴成年人相同的采样日期被发现。开发了一个度日模型并成功预测了葡萄园中存在早期 S. festinus 龄期的时间，以帮助利用 S. festinus 最容易受到文化控制措施影响的时间段。