Abstract

Cold-adapted (CA) microorganisms (= psychrophiles or psychrotolerants) are key players of many ecological interactions in natural ecosystems. Some of them can colonize the rhizosphere of plants and cause damage to their hosts; others, on the contrary, protect plants from their pathogens through direct and indirect mechanisms, thus promoting plant growth and development. These “protective” microbes are known as biocontrol agents (BCA). BCA either limit or inhibit the growth of plant pathogens, owing to the excretion of a panoply of secondary metabolites (including soluble and volatile antibiotics, siderophores, quorum sensing interfering agents). BCA can also control plant pathogens through indirect mechanisms, including competence for nutrients and space, or else by interfering with their chemical communication. That explains why some of these BCA have been included in the formulation of commercial biopesticides, which are environmentally friendly products containing live cells used to control plant diseases and pests. At present, the development of biopesticides from mesophilic microorganisms is an established technology. Unfortunately, these biopesticides are not active at low temperatures. On the other hand, the information concerning the potential use of CA-BCA for the same goal is at its infancy. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning the isolation, identification, and characterization of CA microbes which act as antagonists of plant pathogens, including the mechanisms they deploy to antagonize plant pathogens. We also illustrate their biotechnological potential to develop CA biopesticides and discuss their utility in the context of mountainous agriculture.

Key points

• Many naturally occurring cold-active microbes antagonize plant pathogens.

• The mechanisms of biocontrol exerted by these microbes are either direct or indirect.

• Cold-active biocontrol agents can be used to develop biopesticides.

• Cold-active biopesticides are crucial for sustainably intensifying agriculture in cold climates

中文翻译：

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用低温活性微生物对抗植物病原体：寒冷气候下生物农药的开发和农业集约化。

摘要

冷适应（CA）微生物（=嗜冷菌或抗精神病药）是自然生态系统中许多生态相互作用的关键参与者。其中一些会定植在植物的根际并破坏其寄主。相反，其他植物则通过直接和间接机制保护植物免受病原体侵害，从而促进植物的生长和发育。这些“保护性”微生物被称为生物防治剂（BCA）。由于大量次生代谢产物（包括可溶性和挥发性抗生素，铁载体，群体感应干扰剂）的排泄，BCA会限制或抑制植物病原体的生长。BCA还可以通过间接机制控制植物病原体，包括对营养和空间的竞争能力，或者通过干扰其化学交流来控制植物病原体。这就解释了为什么其中一些BCA已包含在商业生物农药制剂中，这些产品是环保产品，其中含有用于控制植物病虫害的活细胞。目前，从嗜温微生物中开发生物农药是一项成熟的技术。不幸的是，这些生物农药在低温下没有活性。另一方面，有关CA-BCA可能用于同一目标的信息尚处于起步阶段。在这里，我们回顾了有关作为植物病原体拮抗剂的CA微生物的分离，鉴定和表征的当前知识，包括它们用来拮抗植物病原体的机制。我们还说明了它们开发CA生物农药的生物技术潜力，并讨论了其在山区农业中的效用。

关键点

•许多天然存在的冷活性微生物拮抗植物病原体。

•这些微生物发挥生物防治作用的机制是直接的或间接的。

•冷活性生物防治剂可用于开发生物农药。

•冷活性生物农药对于在寒冷气候中可持续集约化农业至关重要