Preterm birth accounts for over 15 million global births per year. Perinatal interventions introduced since the early 1980s, such as antenatal glucocorticoids, surfactant, and invasive ventilation strategies, have dramatically improved survival of even the smallest, most vulnerable neonates. As a result, a new generation of preterm-born individuals has now reached early adulthood, and they are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. To better understand the sequelae of preterm birth, cardiovascular follow-up studies in adolescents and young adults born preterm have focused on characterizing changes in cardiac, vascular, and pulmonary structure and function. Being born preterm associates with a reduced cardiac reserve and smaller left and right ventricular volumes, as well as decreased vascularity, increased vascular stiffness, and higher pressure of both the pulmonary and systemic vasculature. The purpose of this review is to present major epidemiological evidence linking preterm birth with cardiovascular disease; to discuss findings from clinical studies showing a long-term impact of preterm birth on cardiac remodeling, as well as the systemic and pulmonary vascular systems; to discuss differences across gestational ages; and to consider possible driving mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for reducing cardiovascular burden in individuals born preterm.

中文翻译：

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易危早产心脏和循环对成人心血管疾病风险的影响

全球每年有超过 1500 万人早产。自 1980 年代初以来引入的围产期干预措施，例如产前糖皮质激素、表面活性剂和有创通气策略，已显着提高了即使是最小、最脆弱的新生儿的存活率。因此，新一代早产儿现已成年，他们患心血管疾病的风险增加。为了更好地了解早产的后遗症，针对早产青少年和年轻成人的心血管随访研究侧重于表征心脏、血管和肺结构和功能的变化。早产与心脏储备减少、左右心室容积减小以及血管分布减少、血管僵硬增加、肺和全身血管系统的压力更高。本综述的目的是提供将早产与心血管疾病联系起来的主要流行病学证据；讨论临床研究的结果，显示早产对心脏重塑以及全身和肺血管系统的长期影响；讨论不同胎龄的差异；并考虑减少早产个体心血管负担的可能驱动机制和治疗方法。以及全身和肺血管系统；讨论不同胎龄的差异；并考虑减少早产个体心血管负担的可能驱动机制和治疗方法。以及全身和肺血管系统；讨论不同胎龄的差异；并考虑减少早产个体心血管负担的可能驱动机制和治疗方法。