Despite the overwhelming success of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases, there remain numerous globally devastating diseases without fully protective vaccines, particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis. Nanotechnology approaches are being developed both to design new vaccines against these diseases as well as to facilitate their global implementation. The reasons why a given pathogen may present difficulties for vaccine design are unique and tied to the co-evolutionary history of the pathogen and humans, but there are common challenges that nanotechnology is beginning to help address. In each case, a successful vaccine will need to raise immune responses that differ from the immune responses raised by normal infection. Nanomaterials, with their defined compositions, commonly modular construction, and length scales allowing the engagement of key immune pathways, collectively facilitate the iterative design process necessary to identify such protective immune responses and achieve them reliably. Nanomaterials also provide strategies for engineering the trafficking and delivery of vaccine components to key immune cells and lymphoid tissues, and they can be highly multivalent, improving their engagement with the immune system. This Review will discuss these aspects along with recent nanomaterial advances towards vaccines against infectious disease, with a particular emphasis on HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.

尽管疫苗在预防传染病方面取得了压倒性的成功，但仍然存在许多没有完全保护性疫苗的全球性破坏性疾病，特别是人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)、疟疾和肺结核。正在开发纳米技术方法，以设计针对这些疾病的新疫苗并促进其全球实施。特定病原体可能给疫苗设计带来困难的原因是独一无二的，并且与病原体和人类的共同进化历史有关，但纳米技术开始帮助解决一些共同的挑战。在每种情况下，成功的疫苗都需要引起不同于正常感染引起的免疫反应的免疫反应。纳米材料，具有确定的成分，通常是模块化结构，和允许参与关键免疫途径的长度尺度共同促进了识别这种保护性免疫反应并可靠实现它们所必需的迭代设计过程。纳米材料还提供了将疫苗成分运输和递送到关键免疫细胞和淋巴组织的策略，它们可以是高度多价的，从而提高了它们与免疫系统的接触。本综述将讨论这些方面以及最近纳米材料在传染病疫苗方面取得的进展，特别强调艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和肺结核。纳米材料还提供了将疫苗成分运输和递送到关键免疫细胞和淋巴组织的策略，它们可以是高度多价的，从而提高了它们与免疫系统的接触。本综述将讨论这些方面以及最近纳米材料在传染病疫苗方面取得的进展，特别强调艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和肺结核。纳米材料还提供了将疫苗成分运输和递送到关键免疫细胞和淋巴组织的策略，它们可以是高度多价的，从而提高了它们与免疫系统的接触。本综述将讨论这些方面以及最近纳米材料在传染病疫苗方面取得的进展，特别强调艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和肺结核。