Propolis, a resinous material produced by honey bees from plant exudates, has long been used in traditional herbal medicine and is widely consumed as a health aid and immune system booster. The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed interest in propolis products worldwide; fortunately, various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism are potential targets for propolis compounds. SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is characterized by viral spike protein interaction with cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and serine protease TMPRSS2. This mechanism involves PAK1 overexpression, which is a kinase that mediates coronavirus-induced lung inflammation, fibrosis, and immune system suppression. Propolis components have inhibitory effects on the ACE2, TMPRSS2 and PAK1 signaling pathways; in addition, antiviral activity has been proven in vitro and in vivo. In pre-clinical studies, propolis promoted immunoregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including reduction in IL-6, IL-1 beta and TNF-α. This immunoregulation involves monocytes and macrophages, as well as Jak2/STAT3, NF-kB, and inflammasome pathways, reducing the risk of cytokine storm syndrome, a major mortality factor in advanced COVID-19 disease. Propolis has also shown promise as an aid in the treatment of various of the comorbidities that are particularly dangerous in COVID-19 patients, including respiratory diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Standardized propolis products with consistent bioactive properties are now available. Given the current emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and limited therapeutic options, propolis is presented as a promising and relevant therapeutic option that is safe, easy to administrate orally and is readily available as a natural supplement and functional food.

蜂胶是一种由蜜蜂从植物分泌物中提取的树脂材料，长期以来一直用于传统草药，并被广泛用作保健品和免疫系统增强剂。COVID-19 大流行重新引起了全世界对蜂胶产品的兴趣；幸运的是，SARS-CoV-2 感染机制的各个方面都是蜂胶化合物的潜在目标。SARS-CoV-2 进入宿主细胞的特征是病毒刺突蛋白与细胞血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2) 和丝氨酸蛋白酶 TMPRSS2 相互作用。这种机制涉及 PAK1 过表达，这是一种介导冠状病毒引起的肺部炎症、纤维化和免疫系统抑制的激酶。蜂胶成分对ACE2、TMPRSS2和PAK1信号通路有抑制作用；此外，抗病毒活性已被证实体外和体内. 在临床前研究中，蜂胶促进促炎细胞因子的免疫调节，包括减少 IL-6、IL-1 β 和 TNF-α。这种免疫调节涉及单核细胞和巨噬细胞，以及 Jak2/STAT3、NF-kB 和炎性体通路，降低了细胞因子风暴综合征的风险，这是晚期 COVID-19 疾病的主要死亡因素。蜂胶还显示出有望帮助治疗对 COVID-19 患者特别危险的各种合并症，包括呼吸系统疾病、高血压、糖尿病和癌症。具有一致生物活性特性的标准化蜂胶产品现已上市。鉴于当前由 COVID-19 大流行引起的紧急情况和有限的治疗选择，蜂胶被认为是一种有前途且安全的相关治疗选择，