Research in aviation and driving has highlighted the importance of training as an effective approach to reduce the costs associated with the supervisory role of the human in automated systems. However, only a few studies have investigated the effect of training on highly automated driving. Moreover, available interactive trainings are mostly based on automated driving simulators and the application of immersive technology such as Virtual Reality (VR) as a low-cost training solution has not been widely adopted. In this study, we developed three types of familiarization tours (low-fidelity VR, high-fidelity VR, and video) to train first-time users of highly automated cars. Then, the effectiveness of these tours was investigated on automation trust and driving performance in several critical and non-critical transition tasks in four groups: control, video, low-fidelity VR, and high-fidelity VR. The results revealed the positive impact of the tours on trust and transition performance at the first time of measurement. Takeover quality only improved when practices were presented in high-fidelity VR. After three times of exposure to transition requests, trust and transition performance of all groups converged to those of the high-fidelity VR group, demonstrating that: a) experiencing takeover transition during the training may reduce costs associated with first critical takeover request in highly automated driving, b) the VR tour with high level of interaction fidelity was superior to other training methods, and c) untrained and less-trained drivers learned about automation after a few trials. Knowledge resulting from this research could help develop cost-effective solutions for automated driving training in dealerships and car rental centers.

航空和驾驶研究强调了培训作为一种有效方法的重要性，以减少与自动化系统中人类监督角色相关的成本。然而，只有少数研究调查了培训对高度自动驾驶的影响。此外，现有的交互式培训大多基于自动驾驶模拟器，虚拟现实（VR）等沉浸式技术作为低成本培训解决方案的应用尚未得到广泛采用。在这项研究中，我们开发了三种类型的熟悉之旅（低保真 VR、高保真 VR 和视频）来培训高度自动化汽车的首次用户。然后，在以下四组的几个关键和​​非关键过渡任务中，对这些游览的有效性进行了自动化信任和驾驶性能的调查：控制、视频、低保真 VR 和高保真 VR。结果显示，在第一次测量时，旅行对信任和转换绩效的积极影响。只有在高保真 VR 中呈现实践时，收购质量才会提高。在接受 3 次转换请求后，所有组的信任和转换性能都趋于高保真 VR 组的信任和转换性能，这表明：a) 在培训期间经历接管转换可能会降低与高度自动化的第一个关键接管请求相关的成本驾驶，b) 具有高交互保真度的 VR 游览优于其他培训方法，以及 c) 未经培训和培训较少的司机在几次试验后了解了自动化。