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Assessing life cycle impacts from changes in agricultural practices of crop production
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-17 , DOI: 10.1007/s11367-020-01767-z
Jesper Hedal Kløverpris , Claus Nordstrøm Scheel , Jannick Schmidt , Brian Grant , Ward Smith , Murray J. Bentham

This paper presents an improved methodological approach for studying life cycle impacts (especially global warming) from changes in crop production practices. The paper seeks to improve the quantitative assessment via better tools and it seeks to break down results in categories that are logically separate and thereby easy to explain to farmers and other relevant stakeholder groups. The methodological framework is illustrated by a concrete study of a phosphate inoculant introduced in US corn production. The framework considers a shift from an initial agricultural practice (reference system) to an alternative practice (alternative system) on an area of cropland A. To ensure system equivalence (same functional output), the alternative system is expanded with displaced or induced crop production elsewhere to level out potential changes in crop output from the area A. Upstream effects are analyzed in terms of changes in agricultural inputs to the area A. The yield effect is quantified by assessing the impacts from changes in crop production elsewhere. The field effect from potential changes in direct emissions from the field is quantified via biogeochemical modeling. Downstream effects are assessed as impacts from potential changes in post-harvest treatment, e.g., changes in drying requirements (if crop moisture changes). An inoculant with the soil fungus Penicillium bilaiae has been shown to increase corn yields in Minnesota by 0.44 Mg ha−1 (~ 4%). For global warming, the upstream effect (inoculant production) was 0.4 kg CO2e per hectare treated. The field effect (estimated via the biogeochemical model DayCent) was − 250 kg CO2e ha−1 (increased soil carbon and reduced N2O emissions) and the yield effect (estimated by simple system expansion) was − 140 kg CO2e ha−1 (corn production displaced elsewhere). There were no downstream effects. The total change per Mg dried corn produced was − 36 kg CO2e corresponding to a 14% decrease in global warming impacts. Combining more advanced methods indicates that results may vary from − 27 to − 40 kg CO2e per Mg corn. The present paper illustrates how environmental impacts from changes in agricultural practices can be logically categorized according to where in the life cycle they occur. The paper also illustrates how changes in emissions directly from the field (the field effect) can be assessed by biogeochemical modeling, thereby improving life cycle inventory modeling and addressing concerns in the literature. It is recommended to use the presented approach in any LCA of changes in agricultural practices.

中文翻译:

评估作物生产农业实践变化对生命周期的影响

本文提出了一种改进的方法论方法,用于研究作物生产实践变化对生命周期的影响(尤其是全球变暖)。本文力求通过更好的工具改进定量评估,并力求将结果分解为逻辑上独立的类别,从而易于向农民和其他相关利益相关者群体解释。该方法框架通过对美国玉米生产中引入的磷酸盐接种剂的具体研究来说明。该框架考虑了从农田 A 区域的初始农业实践(参考系统)到替代实践(替代系统)的转变。 为确保系统等效(相同的功能输出),替代系统扩大到其他地方的替代或诱导作物生产,以平衡区域 A 作物产量的潜在变化。 根据区域 A 的农业投入变化分析上游影响。 通过评估影响量化产量影响来自其他地方作物产量的变化。通过生物地球化学模型量化现场直接排放潜在变化的现场效应。下游影响评估为收获后处理的潜在变化的影响,例如干燥需求的变化(如果作物水分变化)。已显示土壤真菌 Penicillium bilaiae 的接种剂可将明尼苏达州的玉米产量提高 0.44 Mg ha-1 (~ 4%)。对于全球变暖,上游效应(接种剂生产)是每公顷处理 0.4 千克二氧化碳当量。田间效应(通过生物地球化学模型 DayCent 估算)为 − 250 kg CO2e ha−1(增加土壤碳和减少 N2O 排放),产量效应(通过简单系统扩展估算)为 − 140 kg CO2e ha−1(玉米生产)在别处流离失所)。没有下游影响。每生产 Mg 干玉米的总变化为 − 36 kg CO2e,对应于全球变暖影响减少 14%。结合更先进的方法表明,结果可能从 - 27 到 - 40 kg CO2e/Mg 玉米不等。本文件说明了农业实践变化对环境的影响如何根据它们发生在生命周期中的位置进行逻辑分类。该论文还说明了如何通过生物地球化学模型评估直接来自现场的排放变化(场效应),从而改进生命周期清单建模并解决文献中的问题。建议在农业实践变化的任何 LCA 中使用所提出的方法。
更新日期:2020-08-17
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