Continuous drug monitoring is a promising alternative to current therapeutic drug monitoring strategies and has a strong potential to reshape our understanding of pharmacokinetic variability and to improve individualised therapy. This review highlights recent advances in biosensing technologies that support continuous drug monitoring in real time. We focus primarily on aptamer-based biosensors, wearable and implantable devices. Emphasis is given to the approaches employed in constructing biosensors. We pay attention to sensors’ biocompatibility, calibration performance, long-term characteristics stability and measurement quality. Last, we discuss the current challenges and issues to be addressed in continuous drug monitoring to make it a promising, future tool for individualised therapy. The ongoing efforts are expected to result in fully integrated implantable drug biosensing technology. Thus, we may anticipate an era of advanced healthcare in which wearable and implantable biochips will automatically adjust drug dosing in response to patient health conditions, thus enabling the management of diseases and enhancing individualised therapy.

连续药物监测是当前治疗药物监测策略的有前途的替代方法，具有重塑我们对药代动力学变异性的理解并改善个体化治疗的强大潜力。这篇综述重点介绍了支持实时连续药物监测的生物传感技术的最新进展。我们主要专注于基于适体的生物传感器，可穿戴和可植入设备。重点介绍了用于构建生物传感器的方法。我们关注传感器的生物相容性，校准性能，长期特性稳定性和测量质量。最后，我们讨论了连续药物监测中当前面临的挑战和要解决的问题，以使其成为有前途的个性化疗法的未来工具。预期正在进行的努力将导致完全集成的可植入药物生物传感技术。因此，我们可以预见一个先进的医疗保健时代，其中可穿戴和可植入生物芯片将根据患者的健康状况自动调整药物剂量，从而实现疾病管理并增强个性化治疗。