MXenes, as an emerging family of two-dimensional (2D) materials, possess excellent conductivity, abundant hydrophilic surface groups, and a high proportion of redox-active transition metals, and thus recently have become a research hotspot. Furthermore, 2D MXene nanosheets have been widely explored with superior performances in a broad spectrum of applications. To maximize the inherent properties of MXenes for specific applications, assembling 2D MXenes into three-dimensional (3D) architectures has been actively pursued and significant achievements have been made. In this review, we present the design and performance of 3D MXene-based functional architectures. Specifically, we elaborate some typical methodologies for the 3D assembly of MXenes, including that assisted by ions/molecules, graphene oxide, and other materials, the hard-template method, soaking method, and 3D printing. Additionally, the competitive performances of 3D MXene-based materials are exemplified, covering their applications for electrochemical energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, sensors, photocatalysis, and water purification, with the focus on objectively analyzing their structure-dependent performances. Finally, some noteworthy research directions expanding from fundamental understanding to material design are proposed, which is expected to inspire the rational engineering of customized 3D MXene-based architectures toward target applications.

中文翻译：

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崛起：与MXene纳米片组装的三维功能架构

作为新兴的二维（2D）材料家族，MXenes具有出色的电导率，丰富的亲水性表面基团和高比例的氧化还原活性过渡金属，因此最近成为研究热点。此外，已经广泛探索了二维MXene纳米片，并在广泛的应用中具有优异的性能。为了最大化MXene的特定应用程序的固有特性，人们积极地追求将2D MXene组装到三维（3D）架构中，并取得了重大成就。在这篇评论中，我们介绍了基于3D MXene的功能体系结构的设计和性能。具体来说，我们详细阐述了MXene的3D组装的一些典型方法，包括离子/分子，氧化石墨烯和其他材料的辅助方法，硬模板方法，浸泡方法和3D打印。此外，还举例说明了基于3D MXene的材料的竞争性能，涵盖了其在电化学能量存储，电磁干扰屏蔽，传感器，光催化和水净化方面的应用，并着重于客观地分析其与结构有关的性能。最后，提出了一些从基础理解到材料设计的值得注意的研究方向，这些研究方向有望激发针对客户应用的基于3D MXene的定制体系结构的合理设计。和水净化，重点是客观地分析其与结构有关的性能。最后，提出了一些从基础理解到材料设计的值得注意的研究方向，这些研究方向有望激发针对客户应用的基于3D MXene的定制体系结构的合理设计。和水净化，重点是客观地分析其与结构有关的性能。最后，提出了一些从基础理解到材料设计的值得注意的研究方向，这些研究方向有望激发针对客户应用的基于3D MXene的定制体系结构的合理设计。