Polyploidization, or whole‐genome duplication, leads to gene expression changes that drive the evolution of many plants and some animals. However, the role of the dosage effect on gene expression changes following genome duplication remains unclear. Here, several Gossypium hirsutum‐Gossypium australe alien chromosome addition lines (ALs) were developed that contained a single (MA) or a pair (DA) of G. australe chromosomes on the G. hirsutum background, which can be regarded as a G. australe chromosome duplication, to mimic genome duplication and to elucidate the short‐term effects of chromosome duplication on gene expression changes. Therefore, the profile of G. australe gene expression was investigated in three pairs of MAs and DAs (2G, 3G, and 7G). Our results suggest that dosage‐dependent and ‐independent genes are enriched with genes of different functional categories. The dosage‐dependent genes were enriched in primary metabolic activities; whereas the dosage‐independent genes were enriched in stress responses, cell signaling, and the endomembrane system. Implication on possible differences in dosage‐dependent and independent genes in employing cis‐ and trans‐regulation are also discussed. These results will provide new insights into the mechanisms by which gene‐dosage affects expression changes induced by genome duplications.

中文翻译：

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染色体复制对陆地棉-棉锭添加系中的基因表达水平产生基于基因剂量的影响

多倍体化或全基因组复制会导致基因表达变化，从而驱动许多植物和某些动物的进化。但是，剂量效应对基因组复制后基因表达变化的作用仍不清楚。这里，若干陆地棉-棉属AUSTRALE外源染色体附加系（ALS）中开发的包含在单个（MA）或一对（DA）的G. AUSTRALE染色体上陆地棉的背景，这可以看作是一个G. australe染色体复制，以模仿基因组复制，并阐明染色体复制对基因表达变化的短期影响。因此，G。australe的概况在三对MA和DA（2G，3G和7G）中研究了基因表达。我们的结果表明，剂量依赖性和非依赖性基因富含不同功能类别的基因。剂量依赖性基因丰富了初级代谢活动。而剂量无关的基因丰富了应激反应，细胞信号传导和内膜系统。还讨论了采用顺式和反式调节时剂量依赖性和独立基因可能存在的差异。这些结果将为基因剂量影响基因组重复诱导表达变化的机制提供新的见解。