When engineering microbes to overproduce a target molecule, engineers face multiple layers of trade-offs to allocate limited cellular resources between the target pathway and native cellular systems. These trade-offs arise from limited free ribosomes during translation, competition for metabolic precursors, as well as the negative relationship between production and growth rate. To achieve high production performance, microbes need to spontaneously make decisions in the dynamic and heterogeneous fermentation environment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microbial control strategies that are used to manage these trade-offs and to improve microbial production. This review focuses on design principles and compares different implementations, with the hope to provide guidelines to future microbial engineering.

当对微生物进行工程改造以过量生产目标分子时，工程师面临多层权衡取舍，以在目标途径和天然细胞系统之间分配有限的细胞资源。这些折衷是由于翻译过程中游离的核糖体有限，对代谢前体的竞争以及生产与生长速率之间的负相关而产生的。为了获得较高的生产性能，微生物需要在动态和异构发酵环境中自发做出决策。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了微生物控制策略的最新进展，这些策略用于管理这些折衷方案并提高微生物产量。这篇综述着重于设计原理并比较了不同的实现方式，希望为将来的微生物工程学提供指导。