Bladder cancer (BCa) is a frequent urothelial malignancy with a high ratio of morbidity and mortality. Various genetic and environmental factors are involved in BCa progression. Since, majority of BCa cases are diagnosed after macroscopic clinical symptoms, it is required to find efficient markers for the early detection. Receptor tyrosine-kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor tyrosine-kinases (nRTKs) have pivotal roles in various cellular processes such as growth, migration, differentiation, and metabolism through different signaling pathways. Tyrosine-kinase deregulations are observed during tumor progressions via mutations, amplification, and chromosomal abnormalities which introduces these factors as important candidates of anti-cancer therapies. For the first time in present review we have summarized all of the reported tyrosine-kinases which have been significantly associated with the clinicopathological features of BCa patients. This review highlights the importance of tyrosine-kinases as critical markers in early detection and therapeutic purposes among BCa patients and clarifies the molecular biology of tyrosine-kinases during BCa progression and metastasis.

中文翻译：

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酪氨酸激酶在膀胱癌进展中的作用：概述。

膀胱癌 (BCa) 是一种常见的尿路上皮恶性肿瘤，具有很高的发病率和死亡率。各种遗传和环境因素参与 BCa 进展。由于大多数BCa病例是在宏观临床症状后诊断的，因此需要寻找有效的标志物进行早期检测。受体酪氨酸激酶 (RTKs) 和非受体酪氨酸激酶 (nRTKs) 通过不同的信号通路在生长、迁移、分化和代谢等各种细胞过程中发挥关键作用。在肿瘤进展过程中观察到酪氨酸激酶失调，通过突变、扩增和染色体异常将这些因素引入抗癌治疗的重要候选者。在本综述中，我们首次总结了所有报道的酪氨酸激酶，这些酪氨酸激酶与 BCa 患者的临床病理特征显着相关。本综述强调了酪氨酸激酶作为 BCa 患者早期检测和治疗目的的关键标志物的重要性，并阐明了 BCa 进展和转移过程中酪氨酸激酶的分子生物学。