ABSTRACT This study compares single-site, multi-site and multi-variable SWAT calibration. The SWAT model was applied to a large basin (63 884 km2) and calibrated at a monthly time step with the SUFI-2 algorithm, using the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) as the objective function. Multi-variable calibration was performed by combining streamflow and remote sensing-derived actual evapotranspiration data. Parameter transferability was also investigated, by daily time step validation. The KGE for the outlet ranged from 0.73 to 0.86, and the average KGE of all streamflow gauge stations ranged from 0.73 to 0.80, reflecting a good overall simulation performance for the monthly time step. In daily time step validation, KGE ranged from 0.62 to 0.68, and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranged from 0.40 to 0.60, for the average of all gauge stations. Multi-site and multi-variable calibrations did not significantly improve inner sub-basin simulation performance but improved streamflow uncertainty when compared to single-site calibration.

中文翻译：

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单站点、多站点和多变量 SWAT 校准策略的比较

摘要 本研究比较了单站点、多站点和多变量 SWAT 校准。SWAT 模型应用于大型盆地 (63 884 km2) 并使用 SUFI-2 算法在每月时间步长处进行校准，使用 Kling-Gupta 效率 (KGE) 作为目标函数。通过结合水流和遥感得出的实际蒸散数据进行多变量校准。通过每日时间步长验证，还研究了参数可转移性。出水口 KGE 范围为 0.73 至 0.86，所有流量测量站的平均 KGE 范围为 0.73 至 0.80，反映了月时间步长的整体模拟性能良好。在每日时间步长验证中，KGE 范围为 0.62 至 0.68，纳什-萨特克利夫效率范围为 0.40 至 0.60，所有轨站的平均值。